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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mexico
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) (Spanish: La Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días) has had a presence in Mexico since 1874. Mexico has the largest body of LDS Church members outside of the United States.[4] Membership grew nearly 15% between 2011 and 2021. In the 2010 Mexican census, 314,932 individuals self-identified most closely to the LDS Church.[5]
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History
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Immigrating to Alta California and the Mormon Battalion
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When the Latter-day Saint settlers arrived in the Intermountain West in 1847 and established early communities, like Salt Lake City and Bountiful, Utah, they were settling in Alta California (a federal territory of Mexico). It was during the following year that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed and ratified, ending the Mexican-American War and making the territory where Latter-day Saints had settled part of the United States.[6] The main reason that the Latter-day Saints settled in Alta California was to live in an area where they could govern themselves independently.[7]
During the Mexican-American War, the Latter-day Saints participated by enlisting the Mormon Battalion, a group of over 500 volunteers who served as a unit of the United States military. Their primary purposes in enlisting were to build a good relationship with the United States government (in case the U.S. won the war and gained control of the territory) and to earn some income to support their emigration.[8] The Mormon Battalion saw no combat with Mexican troops, but did take part in a brief occupation of Tucson, guarded the Luiseño people in the aftermath of the Temecula massacre,[9][10] and occupied San Diego until they were discharged.[11][12] Concerns about their potential reception as a result of the Mormon Battalion's involvement in the Mexican-American War may have contributed to the decision to send missionaries, including Parley P. Pratt, to Chile in 1851 rather than to Mexico as the first proselyting efforts in Latin America.[13]
Early missionary efforts
The first missionaries from the LDS Church to Mexico were called during the late summer and early fall of 1875, shortly after Daniel W. Jones and Meliton Gonzalez Trejo had begun to translate portions of the Book of Mormon into Spanish.[14] This initial scouting mission consisted of a handful of men who journeyed through Arizona to the Mexican state of Chihuahua, lasting ten months.[14] These first missionaries did not perform any baptisms; church president Brigham Young had instructed them to merely observe the conditions of the country in order to determine if their preaching would be effective.[15]
In 1876, Young sent six missionaries to Mexico and instructed them to contact and preach to the Yaqui in Northern Mexico. This group consisted of Helaman Pratt, Meliton Gonzalez Trejo, Louis Garff, George Terry, James Z. Stewart, and his brother Isaac.[14] A few of these missionaries found success in Hermosillo, and Jose Epifanio Jesus was baptized on May 20, 1877, becoming the first official member of the church in Mexico. Jose Severo Rodriguez, Maria de la Cruz Pasos, Cruz Parra, and Jose Vicente Parra were all baptized a few days later on May 24.[16]
Following the death of Brigham Young in 1877, missionary efforts in Mexico were halted, until in 1879 when missionaries were again sent to Mexico City.[17] The first person baptized by missionaries in Mexico City was Dr. Plotino Rhodakanaty, a prominent Mexican anarchist and socialist figure. Rhodakanaty had come across a Mormon doctrinal tract in 1875 which so impressed him that he wrote a letter to the First Presidency, requesting that additional materials and missionaries be sent to him in Mexico City.[18] By the end of 1879, sixteen converts had been baptized and joined the church in Mexico City, in large part due to the influence of Dr. Rhodakanaty.[18] In 1880, Desideria Quintanar de Yáñez became the first woman in Mexico City to join the church.[19] Missionary work in central Mexico continued until 1889, when all missionaries were withdrawn due to the strong opposition to foreign ministers following La Reforma.[18]
Re-establishment of the church
In 1901, the Mexican Mission of the church was re-established, with Ammon M. Tenney serving as its president. This period of the church in Mexico was characterized by the calling of missionaries with highly developed Spanish language skills, the increasing indigenous leadership of branches, and the constant effort to reclaim members that had fallen away during the church's absence.[14] In 1910, Rey L. Pratt became president of the mission, but was forced to leave Mexico City in the fall of 1913 due to rising safety concerns due to the Mexican Revolution. Before his departure, Pratt was able to leave most of the branches in Central Mexico under the leadership of local members.[14]
During the Mexican Revolution, tensions rose with regards to foreign religions, as did anti-American sentiments. In 1915, two members of the church in San Marcos, Hidalgo named Rafael Monroy and Vicente Morales were killed by the Liberation Army of the South (Zapatistas) for refusing to renounce their faith and for their association with foreigners.[20] The two were taken and interrogated by a group of Zapatista soldiers, who had initially demanded food and other supplies from the Monroy family store. Monroy was asked by the soldiers to show his weapons, to which he responded by holding up the copies of the Bible and Book of Mormon he carried in his pocket and saying, "These are the only weapons I carry." After the store was searched and no weapons or ammunition were found, Monroy and Morales, an employee of the family, were both taken prisoner by the soldiers and later executed by firing squad.[20]
Pratt remained as mission president until his death, also working to establish missionary work among the Spanish-speaking populations in the Southwestern United States.[14] In 1926, the Mexican government deported all foreign clerics from the country, including Mormon missionaries from North America. This lasted until 1934, when foreign missionary efforts were able to resume. During this hiatus, Mexican members of the church were able to coordinate with one another and preserve the church doctrine and practices.[14]
In 1936, a group of church members known as the Third Convention—who had been influenced by the spirit of the Mexican Revolution—called for a native-born Mexican to serve as president of the church's mission in Mexico. The tactics of this group led to the excommunication of its leaders.[14] In 1946, church president George Albert Smith visited Mexico and was able to establish a reconciliation with most of the members of the Third Convention, and the vast majority of this group were brought back into the church.[14]
In 1956, the Mexican Mission was divided for the first time with the organization of the Northern Mexican Mission. From this time forward, the church focused on strengthening the structure of the church in order for stakes to be organized.[21]
1960 to present
Church membership began to expand rapidly during the late 1960s, reaching 100,000 members by 1972. As membership increased, church leaders began making regular visits to church members in Mexico. In 1972, church president Harold B. Lee spoke to members at a Mexico City area conference, along with his counselors, several Apostles, and other leaders.[19] In early 1977, church president Spencer W. Kimball spoke to a large number of church members at area conferences in both Mexico City and Monterrey, with nearly 25,000 members attending the conference in Mexico City. During his visit, Kimball also met with Mexican President Jose Lopez Portillo at the national palace in Mexico City.[22]
The first Spanish-speaking stake in the church was organized in Mexico City in 1961.[23] In 1966, Agricol Lozano became the first Mexican-born member of the church to serve as a stake president. In 1970, the Monterrey Stake (now the Monterrey Mexico Mitras Stake) was organized with Guillermo G. Garza as its president. This was the first stake organized in Mexico outside of the Mormon colonies and the Mexico City area.[14]
On December 2, 1983, the Mexico City Temple and Visitors’ Center were dedicated by Gordon B. Hinckley, marking the first temple in Mexico.[22]
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Church education in Mexico
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A movement began in the mid-20th century which focused on the organization of a church school system in Mexico. The movement was initiated by Claudio Bowsan, the president of the Mexican Mission at the time. Bowsan bought property in Churhbusco, Mexico City and established a committee—composed of Marion G. Romney, Joseph T. Bentley, and Bowsan himself—to establish schools in Mexico. With the help and approval of the First Presidency of the church, a private high school was founded on the land purchased by Bowsan in 1964 known as the Centro Escolar Benemérito de las Américas (commonly known as the "Benemérito").[24] At its founding, the school had 125 students and contained primary, secondary, and preparatory-level classes. It eventually became a large preparatory school, accommodating day students as well as boarding students. At its peak, there were more than 2,100 students in attendance. It was closed at the end of the 2012–2013 school year, and its campus was converted into a missionary training center.[24]
Another church-established school in Mexico is the Academia Juárez, which was first established as the Juárez Stake Academy in September 1897 with 291 students. Located within the church's Colonia Juárez in Chihuahua, the school was similar to academies found in the Utah territory, and provided English-language instruction intended for "an Anglo population".[25] The school was not closed when other academies were closed in the 1920s and 1930s, likely because public school education in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution was inadequate.[25] Settlers from Utah Territory remained isolated and aloof from native Mexicans, celebrating American holidays and teaching in English.[25] Moises de la Pena, a Mexican academic, declared that the school was an "illegal privilege" in 1950.[25] The school is still in operation, with 418 students as of the 2012–2013 school year, and approximately 80% of the students are members of the church. The school now utilizes a unique dual-language program beginning in kindergarten and continuing through high school.
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Mormon colonies
In 1885, a group of Latter-day Saints from the Utah and Arizona territories fleeing the U.S. federal government's prosecution of Mormon polygamists settled in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. These Latter-day Saints eventually founded the settlements of Colonia Juárez and Colonia Dublán, along with four others in Chihuahua and two in the state of Sonora.[18] Most of the remaining Mormon colonists in the north of Mexico left the country in 1912 due to rising violence, but many were able to return in later years.[26] In 1959, the church established a network of schools outside of Colonia Juárez.[18] The Academia Juárez is located within the Colonia Juárez in Chihuahua.[17]
Stakes and districts
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Missions
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The Benemérito de las Americas school in Mexico City was permanently closed at the end of the 2012–2013 term,[27] and its campus became the new home of the Mexico City Missionary Training Center (MTC), opening on June 26, 2013. This greatly expanded the capacity of the Mexico City MTC, which is now second in size only to the missionary training center in Provo, Utah. The old training center campus near the Mexico City Mexico Temple could only accommodate 125 missionaries at a time, while the new 90-acre campus can handle over 1,000.[28][29][30]
The following is a list of missions in Mexico:[31]
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Temples
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The Mexico City Mexico Temple was the first LDS Church temple in Mexico; it was dedicated in 1983 and rededicated after renovation in 2008. From 1999 to 2002, an additional 11 temples were dedicated in Mexico. This comes after June 29, 1993, when the Mexican government formally registered the LDS Church, allowing it to own property.[32] There are 13 temples in Mexico, with an additional ten announced or under construction.[32]
20th century
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Mexico City, Mexico 3 April 1976 by Spencer W. Kimball 25 November 1979 by Boyd K. Packer 2 December 1983 by Gordon B. Hinckley 16 November 2008 by Thomas S. Monson 116,642 sq ft (10,836.4 m2) on a 7-acre (2.8 ha) site Modern adaptation of ancient Mayan architecture - designed by Emil B. Fetzer The Mexico City Mexico Temple was closed March 30, 2007 for renovations[33][34] and was rededicated Sunday, 16 November 2008.[35] The temple was again closed in early 2014 for renovations.[34] A public open house was held from Friday, 14 August 2015, through Saturday, 5 September 2015, excluding Sundays.[36] The temple was rededicated on Sunday, September 13, 2015.[37] | |||||
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Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico 4 October 1997 by Gordon B. Hinckley 7 March 1998 by Eran A. Call 6 March 1999 by Gordon B. Hinckley 6,800 sq ft (630 m2) on a 2.56-acre (1.04 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Ciudad Juárez, Mexico 7 May 1998 by Gordon B. Hinckley 9 January 1999 by Eran A. Call 26 February 2000 by Gordon B. Hinckley 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) on a 1.64-acre (0.66 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico 20 July 1998 by Gordon B. Hinckley 5 December 1998 by Eran A. Call 27 February 2000 by Gordon B. Hinckley 10,769 sq ft (1,000.5 m2) on a 1.54-acre (0.62 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Oaxaca City, Mexico 3 February 1999 by Gordon B. Hinckley 13 March 1999 by Carl B. Pratt 11 March 2000 by James E. Faust 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) on a 1.87-acre (0.76 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico 25 February 1999 by Gordon B. Hinckley 20 March 1999 by Richard E. Turley Sr. 12 March 2000 by James E. Faust 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) on a 1.56-acre (0.63 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Ciudad Madero, Mexico 8 July 1998 by Gordon B. Hinckley 28 November 1998 by Eran A. Call 20 May 2000 by Thomas S. Monson 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) on a 2.96-acre (1.20 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Villahermosa, Mexico 30 October 1998 by Gordon B. Hinckley 9 January 1999 by Richard E. Turley Sr. 21 May 2000 by Thomas S. Monson 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) on a 1.36-acre (0.55 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico 25 September 1998 by Gordon B. Hinckley 16 January 1999 by Carl B. Pratt 8 July 2000 by Thomas S. Monson 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) on a 1.53-acre (0.62 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico 14 April 1999 by Gordon B. Hinckley 29 May 1999 by Carl B. Pratt 9 July 2000 by Thomas S. Monson 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) on a 3.39-acre (1.37 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
    Temples in Mexico () Temples in Northwestern Mexico () Temples in Northeastern Mexico () Temples in Central Mexico () Temples in Southeast Mexico ()
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21st century
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Zapopan, Mexico 14 April 1999 by Gordon B. Hinckley 12 June 1999 by Eran A. Call 29 April 2001 by Gordon B. Hinckley 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) on a 2.69-acre (1.09 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo and Church A&E Services | |||||
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Monterrey, Mexico 21 December 1995 by Gordon B. Hinckley 4 November 2000 by Lynn A. Mickelsen 28 April 2002 by Gordon B. Hinckley 16,498 sq ft (1,532.7 m2) on a 7.78-acre (3.15 ha) site Classic modern, single-spire design - designed by Alvaro Inigo | |||||
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Tijuana, Mexico 2 October 2010 by Thomas S. Monson[38] 18 August 2012 by Benjamin de Hoyos[39] 13 December 2015 by Dieter F. Uchtdorf[40] 33,367 sq ft (3,099.9 m2) on a 9.4-acre (3.8 ha) site A public open house was held from Friday, 13 November 2015, through Saturday, 28 November 2015. | |||||
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Puebla, Puebla, Mexico 7 October 2018 by Russell M. Nelson[41][42] 30 November 2019 by Arnulfo Valenzuela[43] 19 May 2024 by Gerrit W. Gong 35,861 sq ft (3,331.6 m2) on a 6.81-acre (2.76 ha) site | |||||
Under construction
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Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico 4 April 2021 by Russell M. Nelson[44] 10 December 2022 by Hugo Montoya[45] 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) on a 0.89-acre (0.36 ha) site | ||
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Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico 4 April 2021 by Russell M. Nelson[44] 7 January 2023 by Adrian Ochoa[45] 27,500 sq ft (2,550 m2) on a 3.58-acre (1.45 ha) site | ||
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San Luis Potosí City, San Luis Potosí, Mexico 3 April 2022 by Russell M. Nelson[46][47] 9 March 2024 by Sean Douglas[48]. 9,300 sq ft (860 m2) on a 3.87-acre (1.57 ha) site | ||
Announced
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Significant members from Mexico
- Margarito Bautista, a genealogical missionary from San Miguel de Atlautla, Mexico State and the first branch president of the Temporary Lamanite Branch (later Lucero Ward) in Salt Lake City, Utah.[62][63]
- Rafael Monroy, who became a martyr of the church in 1915.
- Benjamin de Hoyos, a General Authority Seventy from Monterrey, Nuevo León.
- Agricol Lozano, the first Latino stake president in Mexico and a president of the Mexico City Mexico Temple from Tula, Hidalgo.[64]
- Carl B. Pratt, a General Authority Seventy born in Monterrey, Mexico.
- Octaviano Tenorio, a General Authority Seventy from Tilapan, Veracruz.
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See also
References
Further reading
External links
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