Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park

Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park is a historic cemetery,^[2]public park and local nature reserve (including a Metropolitan Site of National Importance for Nature Conservation) in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets within the East End of London.

Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park
Monuments in Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park
Details
Established	1841
Location	Southern Grove, Tower Hamlets, London, E3 4PX
Country	England
Coordinates	51°31′24″N 0°01′36″W
Type	Park, Conservation Site, Heritage Site, Non-Profit/Charity
Owned by	Tower Hamlets London Borough Council
Size	10.93 hectares (27.0 acres)[1]
No. of interments	350,000
Website	www.fothcp.org
Find a Grave	Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park

It is considered one of the great London cemeteries of the Victorian era, the "Magnificent Seven", instigated because the typical (until that time) church burial plots had become overcrowded, and reflective of the grand Victorian funerary practices.

The cemetery opened in 1841 and closed for burials in 1966 following an Act of Parliament and local authority actions.

Since 1990, it has been managed by the Friends of Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park, a registered charity, with the purpose of protecting, preserving and promoting this important space for conservation, heritage and community. The work of the Friends has supported various historic and heritage efforts, including the listing of monuments and grave research, as well as biodiversity and natural environment management which has led to its designation as a protected Local Nature Reserve.

Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park today encompasses the original historic cemetery, bounded by historic walls, and additional pockets of land including "Scrapyard Meadow" and the Ackroyd Drive Greenlink. The overall site is today a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature and Conservation and an award-winning local nature reserve, including recognitions from Green Flag, London in Bloom and Tower Hamlets in Bloom.

It was originally named The City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery but was called Bow Cemetery by locals for its Bow, London, locality. The cemetery pre-dates the creation of the modern Borough of Tower Hamlets in 1965, and instead takes its name from the original, older and somewhat larger, Tower Hamlets (or Tower division) – from which the modern borough also takes its name. The historic parish boundary which defines the Mile End and Bromley-by-Bow areas runs north to south through the park, with Mile End to the west and Bromley-by-Bow to the east.

Location

The Main Gate of Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park (‘Cemetery Park’) is at its northwestern corner, at the intersection of Southern Grove road (which runs along the western edge of Cemetery Park) and Hamlets Way pedestrian path (which runs along the northern edge of the park). There are also smaller pedestrian gates along Hamlets Way and Cantrell Road where it meets with Bow Common Lane at the southwestern corner of the Cemetery Park, and with Knapp Road at the southern border of the park.

The nearest London Underground tube stations are Mile End and Bow Road, and the nearest DLR station is Bow Church.

The site has been managed as a public park, historical cemetery and local nature reserve by the Friends of Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park, since they became a UK-registered charity in 1990.^[3] The Friends have maintained and developed the site's unique conservation, heritage and community value. Their work has transformed the site into a Local Nature Reserve and a Metropolitan Site for the Importance of Nature Conservation. The site has also retained a Green Flag Award (Community) since 2012.^[4]

There are two buildings within the Cemetery Park both towards the north-western corner by the main gate, though these are not open to the public. The Soanes Field Centre has been used by the Friends since it opened in 1993. The Friends have also used the refurbished Cemetery Park Lodge for their offices since 2023. Both the Soanes Field Centre and Cemetery Park Lodge are located in the northwest corner of Cemetery Park, just inside the main gate.

Since 1997, the Soanes Field Centre has been used by Setpoint London East, an educational charity that promotes STEM education for East London’s schoolchildren. In 2023, SetPoint invited Kin Structures CIC to partner with them.^[5][6]

History

Before the Victorian era, all of London's dead were buried in small urban churchyards, which became so overcrowded and so close to where people lived, worked, and worshipped that they were causing disease and ground water contamination.

An act of Parliament^[which?] was passed which allowed joint-stock companies to purchase land and set up large cemeteries outside the boundaries of the City of London (a.k.a. the Square Mile). There were seven great cemeteries (the "Magnificent Seven") laid out about the same time (1832–41). Highgate Cemetery is the most well known, with hundreds of notable interments; the others are Nunhead, West Norwood, Kensal Green, Brompton and Abney Park.

City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery Act 1841
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to establish a general Cemetery for the Interment of the Dead in the Parishes of Saint Dunstan Stepney and Saint Leonard Bromley in the County of Middlesex.
Citation	4 & 5 Vict. c. lxiii
Dates
Royal assent	21 June 1841
Text of statute as originally enacted

The City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery Company was made up of eleven wealthy directors whose occupations reflected the industries of the day: corn merchant, merchant ship broker and ship owner, timber merchant, and Lord Mayor of the City of London. The company bought 27 acres (109,265 m²) of land and the cemetery was divided into a consecrated part for Anglican burials and an unconsecrated part for all other denominations.

Tower Hamlets Cemetery was formally consecrated by the Bishop of London Charles James Blomfield on Saturday 4 September 1841 prior to being opened for burials. The cemetery was consecrated in the morning; the first burial took place in the afternoon.^[7]

Walking in the Park

Tower Hamlets Cemetery was very popular with people from the East End and by 1889 247,000 bodies had been interred; the cemetery remained open for another 77 years. In the first two years 60% of the burials were in public graves and by 1851 this had increased to 80%. Public graves were the property of the company and were used to bury those whose families could not afford to buy a plot. Several persons, entirely unrelated to each other, could be buried in the same grave within the space of a few weeks. Allegedly some graves were dug 40 feet deep and contained up to 30 bodies.

The cemetery itself did not remain in a tidy and elegant state for long. Only 55 years after it was opened it was reported to be in a neglected state. During the Second World War the cemetery was bombed five times during raids on the City of London; both cemetery chapels were damaged^[8] and shrapnel damage can be seen on the graves by the Soanes Centre in the north-west corner of the park. Burials continued taking place until 1966, when the Greater London Council bought the company for £100,000 under the Greater London Council (General Powers) Act 1966 (c. xxviii) and the ground was closed for burials. The intention was to create an open space for the public and relevant parts of the cemetery were freed from the effects of consecration. In October 1967, a further £125,000 was spent clearing the chapels and 0.68 acres (2,752 m²) of graves. Strong local opposition and problems of funding stopped the clearance.

Today

Tower Hamlets London Borough Council took over the ownership of the park in 1986. The Friends of Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park is an independent charity established in 1990, to preserve, protect and celebrate the site's important role in conservation, heritage and community. The charity's main objective is to encourage greater use of this inner urban green space as a sanctuary for people and a place of biodiversity. The Friends manage the park under a service-level agreement with the Borough.^[9]

The Cemetery Park was declared a Local Nature Reserve in May 2000, along with adjacent open land on Cantrell Road ("Scrapyard Meadow") and Ackroyd Drive ("Ackroyd Drive Greenlink").^[10][11] It has also been designated as a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation and a Conservation area. Two sections of the high brick walls which surround Cemetery Park (the west wall, including its gates and gate piers.^[12] and the east wall^[13]) are on the Historic England national register of listed buildings, as are seven individual monuments; all nine listings are Grade II.^[14] Though filled with gravestones and funerary monuments, the cemetery has been allowed to revert to resemble a natural woodland, with many wildflowers, birds, and insect species found in the park. There are several trails and walks created by the Friends of Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park.^[15]

The park is open 24 hours per day, although the Main Gate on Southern Grove is locked at dusk. Smaller foot gates around the park remain open for access.

Notable burials

Those who are buried or have memorials here include:

• Charlie Brown: popular publican of Charlie Brown's, Limehouse for 40 years, his 1932 funeral brought 16,000 mourners to the cemetery^[16]
• Major John Buckley VC: soldier and one of the first recipients of the Victoria Cross, for his bravery in the Indian Rebellion of 1857; living in relative "poverty and obscurity" at the time of his death, he was laid to rest in an unmarked grave, located in 2012 through research by a Friend of the Cemetery Park,^[17] and marked with a headstone in a 2014 ceremony^[18]
• Zilpha Elaw, African-American preacher and spiritual autobiographer^[19]
• Robert McLachlan: early entomologist^[20]
• Henry Norris: civil engineer who began his career with repairs to the then Eddystone Lighthouse and later on supervised the construction of the first lighthouse in the world to be designed and built for an electric light powered by alternating current
• John Northey: died in the Princess Alice disaster in 1878
• Hannah Maria Purcell: widow of William Purcell, carpenter of HMS Bounty
• John "White Hat" Willis: son of John "Jock" Willis (known as Old Stormy Willis), founder of Jock Willis Shipping Line (a company that owned, among others, the Cutty Sark)

Burial monuments listed by Historic England:

Llewellyn family grave, including Ellen Llewellyn and Dr Rees Ralph Llewellyn

• Tomb of Sarah Morris (unknown date) and George Morris (died 1843)^[21]
• Tomb of Samuel Weddell (died 1845); monument includes inscription noting that Weddell had left UK£100 (equivalent to $12,500 in 2023) "to the company called the City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery", to be invested and used for perpetual upkeep of the monument^[22]
• Tomb of John Smith (died 1846)^[23]
• Tomb (of unknown individual, died c. 1850) to east of Tomb of John Smith^[24]
• Tomb of Ellen Llewellyn (died 1854),^[25] including Dr Rees Ralph Llewellyn, who performed the autopsy on Mary Ann Nichols, considered the first victim of Jack the Ripper
• Tomb of Ellen Wiskin (died 1866)^[26]
• Tomb of Joseph Westwood (died 1883); noted in the Historic England listing as the cemetery's "most imposing monument",^[27] the burial site includes his son, Joseph Westwood Jr, both of whom were involved in shipbuilding and engineering^[28][29]

The Blitz memorial

Others:

• Some victims of the 1940 Bethnal Green Disaster
• Monument to children who were in the care of the charity of Thomas Barnardo, and were buried elsewhere in the cemetery in unmarked graves^[30]
• Graves of the Charterhouse Brothers, Carthusian monks who lived in the London Charterhouse
• French graves, French workers who came to London to help refine gold from the Australian gold rushes, the Rothschilds had already been refining gold in Paris
• The Blitz Memorial, a memorial to those who died in The Blitz, made of bricks from damaged properties
• The War Memorial, located near the entrance on Southern Grove

War graves

The War Memorial

There are 279 Commonwealth service personnel of both World Wars buried here, the names of all being listed on bronze panels on a screen wall memorial in the Mile End section of the park near the entrance on Southern Grove, as are those of four Dutch merchant seamen. Nine British merchant seamen are buried here who were killed when their ship, SS Bennevis, was hit by a high explosive bomb on 7 September 1940, while berthed in the West India Docks, during an air raid in World War II.^[8][31]