Two Tracts on Government

Two Tracts on Government is a work of political philosophy written from 1660 to 1662 by John Locke. It remained unpublished until 1967, 263 years following the death of Locke in 1704. It bears a similar name to a later, more famous, political philosophy work by Locke, namely Two Treatises of Government. The two works, however, have very different positions.^{[clarification needed]}

The book supports authoritarian policies in matters of religious worship, and it was largely written as a refutation to Edward Bagshaw's ideas about religious toleration. Later in life, Locke embraced liberal and anti-authoritarian views.

Structure

The work comprises two articles.

The first article is in English, entitled Question: whether the Civil Magistrate may lawfully impose and determine the use of indifferent things in Religious Worship, to which Locke replies affirmatively. The article is largely an attempt to refute Edward Bagshaw's The Great Question Concerning Things Indifferent in Religious Worship, published a year earlier and advocating religious toleration.^{[citation needed]}

The second article was written in Latin, entitled An Magistratus Civilis possit res adiaphoras in divini cultus rites asciscere, easque populo imponere? Afirmatur. It was written in 1662 and translated by Philip Abrams and published in 1967. In this article Locke elaborates on the concepts of law and authority upon which the first article is based.^[1]

Historical background

Between 1642 and 1651 England suffered several armed conflicts known as the English Civil War. These conflicts arose around religious tensions and questions of the King's right to rule. Locke, growing up in such an atmosphere and influenced by earlier writers such as Thomas Hobbes, feared that liberty could lead to civil disturbance.^[1][2]

Tension between authoritarian and liberal views can be found already in this work.^[1] A few years later, Locke co-authored the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which promise religious toleration, but establish aristocracy, slavery and serfdom.^[3][4] In fact Locke himself became financially involved in slave trade during those years. Only later in his life did Locke come to endorse the liberalism he is known for.^[5][6]