Type 15 frigate

The Type 15 frigate was a class of British anti-submarine frigates of the Royal Navy. They were conversions based on the hulls of World War II-era destroyers built to the standard War Emergency Programme "utility" design.

HMS Relentless after her Type 15 conversion
Class overview
Name	Type 15
Operators	Royal Navy  South African Navy  Royal Australian Navy  Royal Canadian Navy
In service	1951–1977
Completed	23
Retired	23
General characteristics
Type	Frigate
Displacement	2,300 long tons (2,337 t) standard 2,700 long tons (2,743 t) full load[1]
Length	358 ft (109 m) o/a
Beam	37 ft 9 in (11.51 m)
Draught	14 ft 6 in (4.42 m)
Propulsion	2 × Admiralty 3-drum boilers Steam turbines on 2 shafts 40,000 shp (30 MW)
Speed	31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph) (full load)
Complement	174
Sensors and processing systems	Radar Type 293Q target indication. Type 277Q surface search Type 974 navigation Type 262 fire control on director CRBF Type 1010 Cossor Mark 10 IFF Sonar: Type 174 search Type 162 target classification Type 170 attack
Armament	1 × twin 4 in (102 mm) Mark 19 gun 1 × twin 40mm Bofors Mk.5 2 × Squid or Limbo Mark 10 anti-submarine mortars
Aviation facilities	Flight deck on Grenville and Undaunted

History

By 1945 the wartime "utility" vessels were obsolescent as destroyers due to their relatively small size and makeshift armament. Future construction would be based on ever larger vessels, such as the Battle class and Daring class. Rapid advances in German U-boat technology with the 17-knot (31 km/h; 20 mph) Type XXI and 19-knot (35 km/h; 22 mph) Type XXVI rendered even some of the most modern Royal Navy escorts obsolete. This technology was being put into production by the Soviet Navy in the form of the Whiskey-class submarine. The Royal Navy began designing and constructing new fast anti-submarine frigates of the Type 12 and Type 14 design to counter this threat. However, it would be some time before these vessels could be brought into service and budget constraints limited the number of new hulls that could be constructed.

The solution to the problem lay in the 47 War Emergency Programme destroyers that remained in Royal Navy service, most of which were only a few years old and had seen little active service. Accordingly, plans were drawn up to convert these vessels into fast anti-submarine frigates incorporating as many lessons learned during wartime experience as possible. Ultimately, 23 of the utility destroyers were fully converted into Type 15 first-rate anti-submarine frigates, and a further ten were given limited conversions, and designated Type 16 frigates.

The US Navy followed suit in 1960–65, with the "FRAM" program, by which Fletcher, Allen M. Sumner and Gearing-class destroyers were progressively upgraded, pending the arrival of new Knox-class frigates and Spruance-class destroyers in 1969.

Conversion

Before conversion began, all superstructure, weaponry, masts and equipments were removed and the machinery was overhauled. The forecastle was extended aft to leave only a small quarterdeck, providing much improved accommodation, the lack and poor quality of which had been a source of constant problem for large wartime crews. A new single-level superstructure incorporating the fully enclosed bridge (a novelty in a British escort ship), operations room and a sonar room was added spanning the full width of the hull in front of the funnel. The new superstructure layout allowed the crew to fight the ship without having to expose themselves to the elements, and was increasingly important in the age of nuclear weapons. New lattice masts were provided to carry the range of radars, HF/DF and communications equipment that were now required for a naval escort. Troubridge, Ulster and Zest were fitted with a new design of bridge that would be adopted in all subsequent British frigates up to the Leander class. This bridge had angled sides and raked windows, to allow good all-round vision and cut down on internal reflections at night.

A completely new suite of armaments and electronics was added, befitting their role as fast anti-submarine frigates. The principal anti-submarine armament was a pair of Mark 10 Limbo anti-submarine mortars. These three-barrelled weapons were based on the wartime Squid, and were mounted on the quarterdeck aft, where they were best protected from the weather. They had a 360° field of fire and were automatic in operation. It had been intended to carry a new anti-submarine weapon, the Mark 20E torpedo, in a pair of trainable tubes on each beam, but this weapon was a failure and the tubes, where fitted, never received weapons and were later removed. Rapid, Roebuck and all V and W-class ships carried Squids in lieu of Limbo due to insufficient funds existing to fit all ships with Limbo. For self-defence, a twin 4 inch gun on a Mounting Mark XIX was carried aft, controlled by the MRS-1 Close Range Blind-Fire director (CRBF). Behind the bridge was fitted a twin 40 mm Bofors gun on a "utility" Mounting Mark V.

Many vessels were used during their peacetime service as seagoing training ships, for which purposes the 40 mm gun was removed and a large open bridge was added above the rounded face of the existing bridge. Undaunted was built with a flight deck aft, and was used for trials of the Fairey Ultra-light and Saunders Roe P531 helicopters. Undaunted became the first frigate to carry and operate a helicopter. Grenville had a flight deck fitted in 1959, but this was later removed.

Ships

23 ships were converted, in a programme that lasted between 1949 and 1957.

Name	Pennant	Converted	Fate
R class conversion
Rapid	F138	Alex Stephens & Sons, Glasgow, 1952–1953	Sunk as target, 1981
Relentless	F185	Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth, 1949–1951	Broken up, 1971
Rocket	F193	Royal Dockyard, Devonport, 1949–1951	Broken up, 1967
Roebuck	F195	Royal Dockyard, Devonport, 1952–1953	Broken up, 1968
T class conversion
Troubridge	F09	Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth / J. Samuel White, Cowes, 1955–1957	Broken up, 1970
U and V class conversion
Grenville	F197	Royal Dockyard, Chatham, 1953–1954	Paid off 1974. Broken up 1983
Ulster	F83	Royal Dockyard, Chatham, 1953–1956	Training hulk, 1977. Broken up 1981
Ulysses	F17	Royal Dockyard, Devonport, 1952–1953	Broken up, 1970
Undaunted	F53	J. Samuel White, Cowes, 1953–1954	Sunk as Exocet missile- and Tigerfish torpedo-target in 1978
Undine	F141	J. I. Thornycroft, Woolston, Hampshire, 1954	Broken up, 1965
Urania	F08	Harland & Wolff, Liverpool, 1953–1954	Broken up, 1971
Urchin	F196	Barclay Curle, Glasgow, 1952–1954	Scrapped 1966 to repair HMS Ulster
Ursa	F200	Palmers Shipbuilding, Jarrow, 1953–1954	Scrapped 1967
Venus	F50	Royal Dockyard, Devonport, 1952–1954	Scrapped 1972
Verulam	F29	Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth, 1952	Scrapped 1972
Vigilant	F93	J. I. Thornycroft, Woolston, 1951–1952	Scrapped 1965
Virago	F76	J. Samuel White, Cowes, 1951–1952	Scrapped 1972
Volage	F41	Royal Dockyard, Chatham, 1952–1953	Sold for scrap 28 October 1972
W and Z class conversion
Wakeful	F159	Scotts Shipbuilders, Greenock, 1952–1953	Used as radar training ship and for satellite communications trials. Scrapped 1971
Whirlwind	F187	Palmers Shipbuilding, Jarrow, 1953–1954	Paid off 1974. Foundered while in use as a target ship in 1974.
Wizard	F72	Royal Dockyard, Devonport, 1954	Broken up 1967
Wrangler	F157	Harland & Wolff, Belfast, 1951–1952	Sold to South African Navy as SAS Vrystaat 1957, sunk as target 1976
Zest	F102	Royal Dockyard, Chatham, 1954–1956	Broken up, 1970

Type 15s in film and models

HMS Wakeful and HMS Troubridge were both used in the filming of the 1965 cold-war drama The Bedford Incident, to depict the fictional "USS Bedford". The main exterior shots used a large model of a US Farragut-class destroyer, but Wakeful's Type 15 outline and F159 pennant number are clearly visible in the opening sequence, when Sidney Poitier arrives in a Whirlwind helicopter. Many of the interior shots were filmed in Troubridge, and British military equipment, including a rack of Lee–Enfield rifles and Troubridge's novel forward-sloping bridge windows, can be seen.

In 1959 Triang Minic Ships produced a series of 1:1200 (one inch to 100 feet) metal models of Type 15 frigates, carrying the names Vigilant, Venus, Virago and Volage; the first two have open bridges, while the others' are closed. These toys were mass-produced in large numbers between 1959 and 1965, and did much to raise awareness of the post-war navy for the younger generation. At the same time the Frog (models) company produced an accurate plastic model kit of HMS Undine to a scale of 1:500. The moulds for this were sold to Russia in 1976, and it has been re-issued under the "Novo" trademark on several occasions. More recently, Uk company MT Miniatures has produced a 1:700th scale model of HMS Relentless in resin, white metal, and photo-etched brass.

See also

Canadian type 15 conversion HMCS Crescent.

• War Emergency Programme destroyers: The destroyer building programme that the Type 15 frigates were converted from.
• Type 16 frigate: A more limited conversion of destroyer hulls than the Type 15.
• HMCS Algonquin, HMCS Crescent and HMCS Crusader were converted into similar ships for the Royal Canadian Navy.
• The Royal Australian Navy converted four out of five of their Q-class destroyers to Type 15 frigates from 1953–57. The other ship, HMAS Quality, was scrapped in 1958.

Bibliography

• Colledge, J. J.; Wardlow, Ben & Bush, Steve (2020). Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present (5th ed.). Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-9327-0.
• "Royal Navy Frigates 1945-1983" Leo Marriott, Ian Allan, 1983, ISBN 0-7110-1322-5
• Richardson, Ian (August 2021). Osborne, Richard (ed.). "Type 15 Frigates, Part 2: Ship Histories". Warships: Marine News Supplement. 75 (8): 381–391. ISSN 0966-6958.