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Ufa Rail Bridge
Bridge in Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ufa rail bridge carries double tracked rail lines over the River Belaya. It is located at Ufa, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia.[1]
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History
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Design
The origins of the bridge are closely linked to those of the Trans-Siberian Railway, for which the structure was constructed. The bridge was built between 1886 and 1888, concurrently with several other railway bridges along the line, including a three-span bridge across the River Ufa, located east of Ufa. The construction of both bridges was overseen by civil engineer Professor Nikolai Belelubsky, who adhered to the specifications outlined in the 1884 edition for steel railway bridges. Due to this compliance with the same design standards, the two bridges exhibited similar features. The completion of these bridges was instrumental in facilitating the further extension of the Trans-Siberian line. By 1892, the railway had reached Chelyabinsk, and by the end of the 19th century, Ufa had become the second-largest city in the Urals for transportation, trailing only Yekaterinburg.[2][3][4]
For the design of the bridge, Professor Nikolai Belelubsky was called in. Belelubsky played a crucial role in bridge design, making two significant discoveries regarding building materials. He demonstrated that domestically produced cement matched the quality of English cement, which significantly reduced construction costs. Additionally, Belelubsky enhanced the understanding of the mechanical properties of carbon steel. In 1882, he became the first person in Russia to advocate for the use of steel in railroad bridge construction, a practice that had not yet been systematically adopted in Austria and was approached with caution in Germany due to contemporary technical limitations. After evaluating the physical and chemical properties of carbon steel, he concluded that it was a more reliable material than the then-prevalent wrought iron. His innovations facilitated the replacement of wrought iron with steel in bridges along the Trans-Siberian Railway and laid the foundation for future international steel specifications.[5]
The bridge superstructure was originally designed to consist of six 109-meter (358 ft) bowstring arch through-truss spans over the river channel, supported by steel box girders. The design required precise alignment of the top and bottom components, known as the chords, as well as the inter-chord components, referred to as the web elements. All these components were fabricated from open-hearth steel produced at the Votkinsk Ironworks, now known as the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant, located in Udmurtia. This ironworks has been utilizing open-hearth furnaces since 1871, which enabled the production of railway rails for the national railway network.
Belelubski also introduced a groundbreaking method known as "free carriageway, which revolutionized traditional bridge engineering. This innovative technique utilized articulated supports for the cross beams of the travel surface, integrating them into the lower trusses of the bridge spans. It not only strengthened the bridge's structural integrity but also improved operational efficiency by reducing strain on the truss components. The design garnered international acclaim, receiving the prestigious Gold Medal at the 1890 Edinburg Exposition and becoming recognized worldwide as the "Russian style of support".[6]
The bridge's superstructure was supported by masonry piers reinforced with triangular buttresses, also known as cutwaters, positioned upstream. These buttresses were designed to disrupt the flow of ice that moves downstream during the spring season. It is important to note that the clearance above the average high water level was approximately 17 meters (or 56 feet).
The bridge was officially opened to traffic on September 8, 1888, by Admiral Konstantin Posyet, the Minister of Railway Transport. Although it initially accommodated pedestrians through wooden sidewalks, access was later restricted.[7]
Bridge during the Civil War
In June 1919, during the Russian Civil War, Ufa emerged as a critical conflict zone as Admiral Kolchak's weakened forces strategically retreated. To hinder their pursuers, they detonated the sixth (right-bank) section of the bridge using precision artillery aimed at explosive-laden railcars, resulting in its collapse into the river. Despite this destruction, the White Army's efforts were ultimately thwarted when the notable 25th Rifle Division of Chapaev liberated Ufa on June 9, 1919.[8]
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The liberation of Ufa played a crucial role in the ongoing advancement of the Red Army's forward detachments toward Siberia. To secure a strategic position, the rear detachments of the Red Army decided to establish their presence near the bridge on the right bank of the Belaya River, adjacent to Ufa. Meanwhile, the crossing was in urgent need of rehabilitation. Due to a shortage of materials, the 'rehab job' experienced significant delays. Additionally, the lack of appropriate construction equipment left manual labor as the only viable option. To address this challenge, scaffolding was employed to restore the fallen truss, reminiscent of the ancient Egyptians erecting pyramids. Progress was gradual, but the workers paid little attention to the methods used in the Pharaonic era.
The bridge restoration involved approximately 2,500 construction workers and railway engineers, as the deteriorating structure was temporarily repaired to maintain traffic flow. This short-term solution resulted in a complete overhaul, during which the damaged truss was replaced with a new one designed by Prof. Lavr Proskouriakov, adhering to specifications from 1907. Proskouriakov, renowned for his designs of significant landmark bridges in the Russian Empire, also constructed structures spanning major rivers such as the Yenisey and Amur.
Thanks to meticulous planning, crews replaced a compromised section of the bridge in just 11 hours, minimizing traffic disruption. The operation commenced with a 7-hour effort to remove the old span, followed by the erection of a new truss, which took 3 hours and 45 minutes. This impressive efficiency garnered recognition when Vladimir Lenin sent a congratulatory telegram on October 10, 1919, thanking the dedicated team for their hard work and remarkable performance in the rehabilitation project.[9]
Renovation
In the archives of the Ufa Permanent Way Department, a historical document from 1928 provides significant information regarding the limitations of the bridge. It indicates that the bridge's structural stability is insufficient to support the weight of heavy trains with double-headed 0-10-0 locomotives pulling American gondola cars. The warning also suggests that when a single 0-10-0 locomotive crosses the bridge, it is essential to reduce the speed to just 8 km/h (5 mph).[10]
Throughout the 20th century, the bridge underwent multiple renovations to accommodate increasing traffic demands. Notably, from 1937 to 1939, significant reinforcement measures were implemented, including the removal of oversized components and the addition of extra metal reinforcements, which constituted approximately 4% of the trusses' weight.
In 1949-51, construction train 417 upgraded the bridge for double-track operation. The outdated cutwaters were replaced with reinforced concrete pylons, which support a new superstructure of unified trusses engineered to meet the Class N-7 load specifications outlined by Proektstalkonstruktsia in 1943.[11]
Between 1991 and 2001, the bridge underwent extensive repairs due to signs of aging. The old superstructure, which was insufficient for contemporary requirements, was replaced with a new integrated truss design capable of supporting Class S-14 loads. The outdated infrastructure, originally designed for lighter rail and engine traffic, proved inadequate for today's heavier loads. The renovation was overseen by the contractor Open Joint-Stock Company Transtroymost. Comprehensive repairs, which included the replacement of all deteriorated components, have ensured the bridge's safety and stability.
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Ufa River Rail Bridge
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Perspective
The double-tracked railway bridge spanning the Ufa River near Shaksha Station is a three-span structure, with each span measuring 109 meters. Designed by Nikolai Belelubsky and adhering to the guidelines established in 1884, it closely resembles its counterpart over the Belaya River.
In the chaotic time of the Civil War in 1919, retreating Admiral Kolchak's forces destroyed the third left-bank span of the bridge. However, it was quickly rebuilt in 1920 with a new truss designed by Professor Proskouriakov, in accordance with the specifications established in 1907.
Between 1939 and 1940, the bridge underwent a strengthening process. This involved adding metal reinforcements, removing oversized components, and incorporating approximately 4% additional truss weight in reinforcing metal.
In 1951-52, construction train 414 enhanced the bridge's capacity by reconstructing its piers. The outdated cutwaters were replaced with reinforced concrete pylons, which support a new superstructure featuring unified N-7 load-bearing trusses designed by the Ghiprotrans Institute in 1931.[12]
From 2001 to 2002, the contractor Open Joint-Stock Company USK MOST replaced the outdated bridge superstructure with a new one utilizing standardized, heavy-duty (Class N-7) trusses.[13]
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Interesting facts
- The completion of the bridge in 1888 marked a significant milestone for the Dyoma River. Prior to the bridge's construction, an artificial channel was excavated, beginning 100 meters (329 feet) downstream from the existing highway bridge near the café known as "Zolotaya Rybka" (Goldfish). The straightening of the Dyoma River eliminated the need for a new bridge, although it altered the river's natural flow. Previously, the Dyoma flowed into the White River several kilometers downstream, into the current oxbow lake, which served as its main channel until a flood in 1854 changed its course. At that time, the meandering path of the Belaya River around Nizhegorodka ("lower town") formed a wide but shallow channel, which was easily fordable at various locations, while the present-day village of Kozarez was situated on a large island.
- The first color photographs of the bridge were taken by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky in 1910. This photographic process involved capturing three separate images on a single glass plate, each through blue, green, and red filters.[14][15]
- Adjacent to the bridge, slightly upstream, lies a small island on the Belaya River that changes shape annually, connecting to the right bank and transforming into a peninsula during the summer months. This island was formed when barges loaded with bread sank in this location in the early 1900s. The remains of these vessels provided a foundation for sediment accumulation, ultimately raising the landmass above the waterline.
See also
References
External links
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