Viscoleo

Viscoleo is a thin or low-viscosity vegetable oil.^[1] It is specifically a proprietary form of fractionated coconut oil and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil.^[1][2] It is prepared from the dried, solid endosperm of the fruit Cocos nucifera (coconut tree) via hydrolysis, fractionation, and purification.^[3] Viscoleo is composed of the medium-chain fatty acids caprylic acid (C8) (55–60%), capric acid (C10) (40%), lauric acid (C12) (1–5%), and caproic acid (C6) (0.5%).^{[4][5][3][6][7]} It is used as an oil vehicle for several depot antipsychotics including clopentixol decanoate, flupentixol decanoate, pipotiazine palmitate, zuclopentixol acetate, and zuclopentixol decanoate.^[1][8] Injectable antipsychotics using Viscoleo as a carrier may be absorbed more rapidly and have shorter durations than preparations using sesame oil.^[8][9]

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Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics

Medication	Brand name	Class	Vehicle	Dosage	Tmax	t1/2 single	t1/2 multiple	logPc	Ref
Aripiprazole lauroxil	Aristada	Atypical	Watera	441–1064 mg/4–8 weeks	24–35 days	?	54–57 days	7.9–10.0
Aripiprazole monohydrate	Abilify Maintena	Atypical	Watera	300–400 mg/4 weeks	7 days	?	30–47 days	4.9–5.2
Bromperidol decanoate	Impromen Decanoas	Typical	Sesame oil	40–300 mg/4 weeks	3–9 days	?	21–25 days	7.9	[10]
Clopentixol decanoate	Sordinol Depot	Typical	Viscoleob	50–600 mg/1–4 weeks	4–7 days	?	19 days	9.0	[11]
Flupentixol decanoate	Depixol	Typical	Viscoleob	10–200 mg/2–4 weeks	4–10 days	8 days	17 days	7.2–9.2	[11][12]
Fluphenazine decanoate	Prolixin Decanoate	Typical	Sesame oil	12.5–100 mg/2–5 weeks	1–2 days	1–10 days	14–100 days	7.2–9.0	[13][14][15]
Fluphenazine enanthate	Prolixin Enanthate	Typical	Sesame oil	12.5–100 mg/1–4 weeks	2–3 days	4 days	?	6.4–7.4	[14]
Fluspirilene	Imap, Redeptin	Typical	Watera	2–12 mg/1 week	1–8 days	7 days	?	5.2–5.8	[16]
Haloperidol decanoate	Haldol Decanoate	Typical	Sesame oil	20–400 mg/2–4 weeks	3–9 days	18–21 days		7.2–7.9	[17][18]
Olanzapine pamoate	Zyprexa Relprevv	Atypical	Watera	150–405 mg/2–4 weeks	7 days	?	30 days	–
Oxyprothepin decanoate	Meclopin	Typical	?	?	?	?	?	8.5–8.7
Paliperidone palmitate	Invega Sustenna	Atypical	Watera	39–819 mg/4–12 weeks	13–33 days	25–139 days	?	8.1–10.1
Perphenazine decanoate	Trilafon Dekanoat	Typical	Sesame oil	50–200 mg/2–4 weeks	?	?	27 days	8.9
Perphenazine enanthate	Trilafon Enanthate	Typical	Sesame oil	25–200 mg/2 weeks	2–3 days	?	4–7 days	6.4–7.2	[19]
Pipotiazine palmitate	Piportil Longum	Typical	Viscoleob	25–400 mg/4 weeks	9–10 days	?	14–21 days	8.5–11.6	[12]
Pipotiazine undecylenate	Piportil Medium	Typical	Sesame oil	100–200 mg/2 weeks	?	?	?	8.4
Risperidone	Risperdal Consta	Atypical	Microspheres	12.5–75 mg/2 weeks	21 days	?	3–6 days	–
Zuclopentixol acetate	Clopixol Acuphase	Typical	Viscoleob	50–200 mg/1–3 days	1–2 days	1–2 days		4.7–4.9
Zuclopentixol decanoate	Clopixol Depot	Typical	Viscoleob	50–800 mg/2–4 weeks	4–9 days	?	11–21 days	7.5–9.0
Note: All by intramuscular injection. Footnotes: a = Microcrystalline or nanocrystalline aqueous suspension. b = Low-viscosity vegetable oil (specifically fractionated coconut oil with medium-chain triglycerides). c = Predicted, from PubChem and DrugBank. Sources: Main: See template.