Viverravidae

This article is about an extinct family of carnivorous mammals. For the extant family of carnivorans, see Viverridae.

Viverravidae ("ancestors of viverrids") is an extinct monophyletic family of mammals from extinct superfamily Viverravoidea within the clade Carnivoramorpha, that lived from the early Palaeocene to the late Eocene in North America, Europe and Asia.^[5][6][7] They were once thought to be the earliest carnivorans and ancestral to extant ones, but now are placed outside the order Carnivora based on cranial morphology as relatives (a plesion-group) to extant carnivorans.^[8][9]

Viverravidae Temporal range: 66.043–33.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N early Paleocene - late Eocene
skull of Viverravus minutus
skull of Didymictis protenus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Pan-Carnivora
Clade:	Carnivoramorpha
Superfamily:	†Viverravoidea Wortman & Matthew, 1899
Family:	†Viverravidae Wortman & Matthew, 1899[1]
Type genus
†Viverravus Marsh, 1872
Genera
[see classification]
Synonyms
synonyms of family: Didymictida (Kretzoi, 1945)[2] Didymictidae (Flynn & Galiano, 1982)[3] Viverravidea Viverravinae (Matthew, 1909)[4]

General characteristics

Wang and Tedford propose that they arose in North America 66–60 million years ago, spread to Asia then later to Europe, and were the first carnivoramorphans and possessed the first true pair of carnassial teeth.^[10] In viverravids, the skull is elongated and the number of molars is reduced to two (M1/m1 and M2/m2 are present and M3/m3 are absent).

Classification and phylogeny

Classification

Taxonomy retrieved from the Paleobiology Database^[11]

Superfamily: †Viverravoidea (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) Family: †Viverravidae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) Genus: †Orientictis (Huang & Zheng, 2005) †Orientictis spanios (Huang & Zheng, 2005) Genus: †Pappictidops (Qiu & Li, 1977) †Pappictidops acies (Wang, 1978) †Pappictidops obtusus (Wang, 1978) †Pappictidops orientalis (Qiu & Li, 1977) Genus: †Preonictis (Tong & Wang, 2006) †Preonictis youngi (Tong & Wang, 2006) Genus: †Variviverra (Tong & Wang, 2006) †Variviverra vegetatus (Tong & Wang, 2006) Incertae sedis: †Viverravidae sp. [CM 71188 & CM 71189] (Friscia & Rasmussen, 2010) Subfamily: †Didymictinae (Flynn & Galiano, 1982) Genus: †Bryanictis (MacIntyre, 1966) †Bryanictis microlestes (Simpson, 1935) †Bryanictis paulus (Meehan & Wilson, 2002) †Bryanictis terlinguae (Standhardt, 1986) Genus: †Didymictis (Cope, 1875) †Didymictis altidens (Cope, 1880) †Didymictis dellensis (Dorr, 1952) †Didymictis leptomylus (Cope, 1880) †Didymictis protenus (Cope, 1874) †Didymictis proteus (Polly, 1997) †Didymictis vancleveae (Robinson, 1966) †Didymictis sp. [Erquelinnes, Hainaut, Belgium] (Dollo, 1909) Genus: †Intyrictis (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) †Intyrictis vanvaleni (MacIntyre, 1966) Genus: †Pristinictis (Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994) †Pristinictis connata (Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994) Genus: †Protictis (paraphyletic genus) (Matthew, 1937) †Protictis agastor (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) †Protictis haydenianus (Cope, 1882) †Protictis minor (Meehan & Wilson, 2002) †Protictis paralus (Holtzman, 1978) †Protictis simpsoni (Meehan & Wilson, 2002) Subgenus: †Protictoides (Flynn & Galiano, 1982) †Protictis aprophatos (Flynn & Galiano, 1982) Genus: †Raphictis (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) †Raphictis gausion (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) †Raphictis iota (Scott, 2008) †Raphictis machaera (Rankin, 2009) †Raphictis nanoptexis (Rankin, 2009) Incertae sedis: †"Deltatherium" durini (Van Valen, 1978) Subfamily: †Ictidopappinae (Van Valen, 1969) Genus: †Ictidopappus (Simpson, 1935) †Ictidopappus mustelinus (Simpson, 1935) Subfamily: †Viverravinae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) Genus: †Simpsonictis (MacIntyre, 1962) †Simpsonictis jaynanneae (Rigby, 1980) †Simpsonictis pegus (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) †Simpsonictis tenuis (Simpson, 1935) Genus: †Viverravus (Marsh, 1872) †Viverravus acutus (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †Viverravus gracilis (Marsh, 1872) †Viverravus lawsoni (Hooker, 2010) †Viverravus laytoni (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985) †Viverravus lutosus (Gazin, 1952) †Viverravus minutus (Wortman, 1901) †Viverravus politus (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †Viverravus rosei (Polly, 1997) †Viverravus sicarius (Matthew, 1909) †Viverravus sp. [V11141] (Meng, 1998) †Viverravus sp. [Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming] (Tomiya, 2021) Genus: †Viverriscus (Beard & Dawson, 2009) †Viverriscus omnivorus (Beard & Dawson, 2009)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of family Viverravidae are shown in the following cladogram:^{[3][12][13][14][15]}

Carnivoramorpha

Carnivoraformes ? †Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176) ? †Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395) ? †"Sinopa" insectivorus †Viverravidae ? †Ravenictis ? †Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994) †Viverravoidea †Viverravidae †Pappictidops †Pappictidops acies †Pappictidops obtusus †Pappictidops orientalis †Orientictis †Orientictis spanios †Preonictis †Preonictis youngi †Variviverra †Variviverra vegetatus †Ictidopappinae †Ictidopappus †Ictidopappus mustelinus †Viverravinae †Viverravus †Viverravus minutus †Viverravus sicarius †Viverravus sp. (Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming) †Viverravus gracilis †Viverravus lutosus †Viverravus acutus †Viverravus rosei †Viverravus laytoni ? †Viverravus sp. (V11141) †Viverravus lawsoni †Viverravus politus †Viverriscus †Viverriscus omnivorus †Simpsonictis †Simpsonictis jaynanneae †Simpsonictis pegus †Simpsonictis tenuis ? †Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188 & CM 71189) †Didymictinae †Bryanictis †Bryanictis microlestes †Bryanictis paulus †Bryanictis terlinguae †Intyrictis †Intyrictis vanvaleni †Protictis †Protictis haydenianus †Protictis minor †Protictis simpsoni †Raphictis †Raphictis gausion †Raphictis iota †Raphictis machaera †Raphictis nanoptexis †Protictis paralus †Protictis agastor †(Protictoides) †Protictis aprophatos †Pristinictis †Pristinictis connata ? †"Deltatherium" durini †Didymictis †Didymictis dellensis †Didymictis proteus ? †Didymictis sp. (Erquelinnes, Hainaut, Belgium) †Didymictis altidens †Didymictis leptomylus †Didymictis protenus †Didymictis vancleveae sensu stricto sensu lato

See also

• Mammal classification
• Carnivoramorpha
• Miacoidea