War Commentary

War Commentary was an England-based anti-militarist anti-war anarchist serial publication that was published from 1939 to 1945, initially as a journal and then as a newspaper, as part of the movement which was opposed to World War II (see Opposition to World War II), along anti-capitalist and anti-state lines.^[1]

War Commentary

The cover from the 5th May 1945
Type	Fortnightly
Publisher	Freedom Press
Editorial group	Marie Louise Berneri Vernon Richards John Hewetson Philip Sansom George Woodcock
Founded	November 1939
Political alignment	Anarchist Anti-militarist Anti-war
Ceased publication	August 1945 (relaunched as Freedom)
Headquarters	Newbury Street, London

War Commentary was launched in November 1939^[2] after the closure of the journal Spain and the World, and was published by Freedom Press Distributors from its temporary address of 'Whiteway Colony, nr. Stroud, Glos England'. The Whiteway Colony in Stroud, Gloucestershire was where Lilian Wolfe was still living after the death of her partner Thomas Keell. The issue was produced on a duplicator and was sold out in the first fortnight after it was published, for which credit was accorded to comrades in Glasgow, who sold 500 copies.

The second issue of War Commentary was printed by the Narod Press in Whitechapel, in East London, which was run by Israel Narodiczky, and was published from its mailing address of '9 Newbury Street, Clerkenwell' in Central London. The relationship between Freedom Press Distributors and the Narod Press was not a happy one. Consequently, Freedom Press Publishers changed its printers to a printing press off the Harrow Road in West London which was run by Hugh and Ashley Brock, two pacifist brothers. Until 1941 it appeared monthly, when six supplements were produced. From its mid-January (Vol. 3 No. 4) 1942 issue, it appeared twice a month. From its June 1942 (Vol. 13 No. 3) issue, it was printed from The Express Printers, in 84a High Street, Whitechapel, E.1^[3].^[4] In November 1944, on the occasion of its 100th issue, War Commentary changed its format from a journal to a four-page newspaper.

Regular contributors to War Commentary included Vernon Richards, Marie Louise Berneri (who was married to Richards), John Hewetson, Philip Sansom, and Ethel Mannin, with John Olday contributing cartoons. Occasional contributors included Tom Brown, Reginald Reynolds, George Woodcock and Colin Ward.^[5]

The 1945 trial of the editors of War Commentary

By late 1944 the British state were extremely aware of War Commentary because for some time the Special Branch and MI5 had been spying on those who were involved in it.^[6] However, the state had not taken action against anyone. Then the situation dramatically changed as a result of four actions which the editors undertook. Initially, in late October they sent to the subscribers of the journal the latest issue of the Freedom Press Forces Letter which John Olday had been writing and producing. Then, in November the editors published a series of three articles under the heading ‘All power to the soviets’ by Michael Peterson:^[7] 'All power to the Soviets',^[8] 'All power to the Soviets China'^[9] and 'All power to the Soviets (3-4)'.^[10]

The state responded by arresting the four editors of War Commentary: Berneri, Hewetson, Richards and Sansom, and charging them with conspiring to cause disaffection among members of the armed forces under Defence Regulation 39a. Also, Inspector Whitehead of Scotland Yard, accompanied by four officers, raided the offices of Freedom Press in Belsize Road, London Borough of Camden and searched them and the three people who were working there with recourse to Defence Regulation 88A.^[11] Very soon after the raid, Berneri and Richards asked Woodcock to meet them at Camden Town Tube Station. When they met, they told him that the police 'had shown a special interest in the typewriter on which the appeal to the soldiers had been prepared.'^[12] The reason they told him this information was that he had typed the stencils for the manifesto on his typewriter and that if he was caught there would be nobody else left to run War Commentary. At the end of the meeting, Berneri asked Woodcock directly if he would take over the running of the newspaper, to which he agreed.

For Woodcock to run War Commentary he needed to regularize his situation by registering his change of address. After he had done so he immediately contacted Herbert Read for support. And, within a few days they persuaded T. S. Eliot, E. M. Forster, Stephen Spender, George Orwell, Dylan Thomas and several other well-known writers to sign letters in protest about the raid on Freedom Press. Their letters were published in the New Statesman and Tribune, and were followed shortly afterwards by the arrests of the four editors, who were charged and released on bail.

The subsequent four-day trial of the editors at the Old Bailey received significant coverage from the press. Woodcock later observed:

'All the so-called seditious writings - prose and poetry - on which the prosecution based its case were read in court, and the daily papers reported them almost verbatim, so that ideas that had previously reached only a few thousand people through War Commentary now reached several millions, courtesy Lord Beaverbrook and Lord Rothermere.'^[13]

The Freedom Press Defence Committee was launched, which included notable figures such as George Orwell, Simon Watson Taylor, Herbert Read, Harold Laski, Kingsley Martin, Benjamin Britten, Augustus John, and Bertrand Russell.^[14][15] The trial concluded with Richards, Sansom and Hewetson being sentenced to nine months imprisonment; the charges against Berneri were dropped as legally a wife could not be prosecuted for conspiring with her husband, about which she was reportedly furious.^[16]

Two events happened immediately upon the conclusion of the trial. In May, during the week in which the war ended, Woodcock and Bernerti changed the name of War Commentary, initially to Freedom through Anarchism,^[17] then to the historic name of Freedom. And the Freedom Press Defence Committee was renamed as the Freedom Defence Committee to expand its scope.^[18] These events were followed by the eventual release of the defendants – two of whom, Richards and Hewetson, lost their jobs^[19] – who returned to their previous tasks of editing and manning Express Printers^[20].