Weller brothers

Not to be confused with Weller Brothers, a British motorcycle manufacturer.

The Weller brothers, Englishmen of Sydney, Australia, and Otago, New Zealand, were the founders of multiple whaling stations in South Island, most notably on Otago Harbour, and were New Zealand's most substantial merchant traders in the 1830s.

Immigration

See also: Dunedin § Early arrivals from Europe, and Whaling in New Zealand

Members of a wealthy land-owning family from Folkestone, Kent, they moved serially to Australia, partly to alleviate Joseph Brooks Weller's tuberculosis. Joseph Brooks left England on 20 October 1823.^[1] He arrived in Hobart on 4 February 1824 and then went to Sydney. After 18 months he returned to England, and left there for good on 1 January 1827 accompanied by Edward.^[1] In the meantime George had already left England and arrived in Australia in March 1826, where he bought a 479 ton vessel, the Albion^[2][1] By 1830 Joseph Brooks, Edward, George and his new wife, Elizabeth (formerly Barwise), their parents, Joseph (1766–1857) and Mary (née Brooks) (b.1779), and two sisters, Fanny (1812–1896) and Ann (1822–1887), were all in Sydney.

The brothers became involved in whaling in Sydney. Two of their vessels made 13 whaling voyages from Port Jackson between 1833 and 1841.^[3] The brothers, Joseph Brooks (1802–1835), George (1805–1875) and Edward (1814–1893), founded their establishment at Otago Heads in 1831, the first enduring European settlement in what is now the City of Dunedin.

Coastal whale species, most notably Southern Right Whales (Tohorā), the "right whale to hunt" and the most closely associated whale species with Aotearoa,^[4][5][6] and Humpback Whales (Paikea) were plentiful back then,^[7] and the brothers simultaneously carried out their first yet not serious whaling there, two years prior to the opening of the prominent "Otakou" station in 1833. This was one of pioneering operations in New Zealand, only several years after the first shore-based stations at Cuttle Cove in Preservation Inlet (Rakituma) and Te Awaiti Bay in Queen Charlotte Sound (Tōtaranui).^[8][9][10]

Development of trading

Joseph Brooks Weller interested himself in flax and timber trading at the Hokianga. In 1831 he called at William Cook's shipbuilding settlement at Stewart Island/Rakiura to commission a vessel before visiting Otago in the Sir George Murray, reaching an agreement with Tahatu and claiming territory for William IV. He returned in the Lucy Ann with goods and gear to establish a whaling station, (it is believed with Edward) in November. George and his wife came too, or arrived soon after.

The Wellers continued to trade in flax and spars, maintaining operations at the Hokianga even as they developed Otago. At that time and throughout the decade they were the only merchants regularly trading from one end of New Zealand to the other. A fire soon destroyed the Otago station, but it was rebuilt. Edward was kidnapped by Māori in the far north and ransomed.^[11] Whale products started flowing from Otago in 1833 where Joseph Brooks based himself and European women went to settle.

At 21 Edward became the resident manager while George maintained the Sydney end of the business. At this time there were 80 Europeans at Otago which had become a trading, transshipment and ship service center as well as a whaling station, the "Otakou" station ranging between Harington Point and Harwood, as well as Taiaroa Head as a whale lookout point.^[9][10]

Further developments

See also: History of Otago § Ngāti Toa invasions

New fisheries were established inside the harbour and up and down the coast. The Wellers' ships sailed beyond Australasia and they tested the tax regime preventing direct shipment of whale products to Britain. By the end of the 1830s, exports of whale products were at a peak, the station taking about 300 Right Whales on the first season, as was the resident European population. Anticipating British annexation the Wellers started buying land and settling it.

At its peak in 1834, the Otakou station was producing 310 tons of whale oil a year.^[12] and became the center of a network of seven stations that formed a highly profitable enterprise for the Wellers, employing as many as 85 people at Otago alone.^[13] From the Otakou base the Wellers branched out into industries as diverse as "timber, spars, flax, potatoes, dried fish, Māori artefacts, and even tattooed Māori heads which were in keen demand in Sydney".^[14] However, given that the Colony of New Zealand would not be declared until 1840, the Wellers were treated as foreign traders and were affected by protectionist British import tariffs on whale oil.^[13]

With the success of the Otakou station, the brothers extended whaling grounds from Akaroa on Banks Peninsula in north to Stewart Island in south, with three stations (Otakou, Pilots Beach, Te Rauone Beach) within Otago Harbour^[15] and at least five others or more between Pūrākaunui and Banks Peninsula including additional Otago stations in Timaru and on Taieri Island,^[9][16] where they lost the ship Dublin Packet in 1839.^[10][15]

Their operations drew attentions from other whalers including Johnny Jones, leading to the expansion of the industry along the east coast of South Island and establishments of competing stations; among the Otago and the southern Canterbury, such as at Blueskin Bay,^[17] Waikouaiti and Karitane by Jones and Charles Bayley,^[5] Onekakara and Fleur's Place in Moeraki, Mutumutu and Pātītī Points in Timaru, Molyneux Bay and Willsher Bay nearby Kaka Point, Nugget Point,^[18] and Tautuku Peninsula. Additional foreign whalers, such as from America and England and Netherlands and Russia, entered into the market, and produced about 400 - 600 tons of oils within Otago Harbour as late as 1846. By the time, Otago and Akaroa on Banks Peninsula, founded by the brothers, became major shore-based whaling regions along with Foveaux Strait, Kaikoura, Port Underwood, Tory Channel, Kāpiti, and Hawke's Bay.^[10]

However, the industry was short-lived in general due to depletions of local whale stocks and dwindling catches,^[8][11][19] and especially Southern Right Whales (Tohorā) became commercially extinct and were at one point thought being completely lost from Aotearoa.^[6][7] Still, the Otakou station was most notable for being the earliest in the region, the longest-operating in southern South Island, the biggest and the most productive in the nation,^[7][10][20] and its social and economic impacts on local communities.^[15] The last station in Otago was closed in around 1848, and the whalers ventured to the West Coast and the Fiordland to seek after the remnants of the whales.^[5] The station at Pātītī Point in Timaru may have lasted into 1860s.^[10]

Sudden decline in whales saw Edward's exit at the end of 1840 followed by the firm's bankruptcy, as the last season produced only 10 tons of oils.^[10][12][19] The brothers engaged in land purchases across the country, which amounted to nearly 3 million acres (12,000 km²) by 1840.^[14] He and George lived out their lives in New South Wales. The management of Otakou whaling operations was taken over in 1840 by Charles Schultze (1818–1879), who had married the Weller brothers' sister Ann Weller, and an employee, Octavius Harwood (1816–1900) who became the name origin of Harwood.^[21][22]

Joseph Brooks was the first of the three to die from tuberculosis (1835 in Otago), and Edward shipped his remains to Sydney in a puncheon of rum. George and Edward eventually settled at Maitland, New South Wales and died there in 1849 and 1893 respectively due to a stroke and a flood.^[11]

Relationship with Māori

The whalers depended on good relations with the local Māori people and the whaling industry integrated Māori into the global economy and produced hundreds of intermarriages between whalers and local Māori, including Edward Weller himself, who was twice married to Māori women strategically,^[23] thus linking the Wellers to one of the most prominent local Māori families, the Ellisons. Edward's first wife was Tahatu's daughter Paparu, and he later married to Nikuru, the daughter of chief Taiaroa, following the death of Paparu. There were daughters, Fanny (Pane Wera in Te Reo Māori) and Nani Weller, by each alliance. Meanwhile, relations with Maori were often tense and became strained at times; the establishment being ransacked and the Wellers keeping Māori hostages in Sydney,^[24] reverberations from earlier conflicts, so called "Sealers' War", with occasions the brothers themselves being kidnapped and attacked.^[11]

Additionally, arrivals of whaling ships from Sydney presumably triggered a measles epidemic which greatly reduced the Māori population in the region.^[25]

Legacy

Main article: Wellerman

The Weller's Rock (Te Umu Kuri).

Weller Brothers' whaling activity and its association with local Māori were noteworthy in early history of European settlers in the southeastern region of the South Island, and "Otakou" consequently became the name origin of Otago.^[12][15] The settlement of Otago reached a nadir in 1842 but ultimately revived, remaining the center of port operations in the area until after the establishment of Port Chalmers and Dunedin. As Otakou it is now a suburb within the boundaries of Dunedin.

Weller's Rock, also known as Te Umu Kuri in Te Reo Māori, was a whale lookout point near Harington Point on the Otago Peninsula (at 45°47′52″S 170°42′54″E), and is named after the brothers. In January 2020, Te Runanga o Otakou, the Dunedin City Council, and the Department of Conservation joined forces in a project to protect the site from degradation.^[26]

"Wellerman" is a ballad (often erroneously referred to as a sea shanty) that refers to the wellermen, the supply ships owned by the trading company set up by the Weller Brothers.^[27] The song was originally collected around 1966 by the New Zealand-based music teacher and folk song compiler, Neil Colquhoun.^[28][27] The song has been performed and remixed, with over ten recorded renditions between 1967 and 2005, including by British band The Longest Johns in 2018 and Scottish singer Nathan Evans in 2020.^[29][30]