Xokleng language

Xokleng or Laklãnõ is a Southern Jê language (Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken by the Xokleng people of Brazil. It is closely related to Kaingang.

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Quick facts Native to, Region ...

Xokleng
šokléng
Native to	Brazil
Region	Santa Catarina
Ethnicity	Xokleng
Native speakers	(760 cited 1998)^[1]
Language family	Macro-Jê Jê Jê of Paraná Southern Jê Xokleng
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`xok`
Glottolog	`xokl1240`
ELP	Xokleng

Phonology

Vowels

More information Front, Central ...

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ ɛ̃	ɔ ɔ̃
Open		a ã

Vowel off-glides may also be present in word-final position.

Consonants

More information Labial, Dental ...

Nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ/ are heard as prenasalized voiced-stops [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ, ᵑɡʷ] when preceding oral vowel sounds and heard as nasal sounds [m, n, ŋ, ŋʷ] when preceding nasal vowels, or in nasal positions.
/v/ can have an allophone of [w] in free variation, and can be heard as a nasal [ɱ] when preceding a nasal vowel or consonant sound.
/ð/ may have an allophone of [θ] when following /k/, and as [z] in free variation in word-initial positions.
/j/ is heard with an allophone of [d͡ʒ] when in nasal positions, or when preceding or following other palatal sounds.
/l/ may be nasalized as [l̃] when in nasal positions.^[3]

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	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	lab.	Glottal
Nasal	m ~ ᵐb		n ~ ⁿd	ɲ	ŋ ~ ᵑɡ	ŋʷ ~ ᵑɡʷ
Stop	p		t		k	kʷ	ʔ
Affricate				t͡ʃ
Fricative	v ~ w	ð					h
Approximant	v ~ w			j
Lateral			l

Names

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

References

External links

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