Yanghugou Formation

The Yanghugou Formation, also known as the Tupo Formation, is a mid-late Carboniferous formation from China.^[1] It contains the Xiaheyan locality, a lagerstätte preserving numerous insects.

Yanghugou Formation
Stratigraphic range: Westphalian
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Taiyuan Formation
Overlies	Jingyuan Formation
Location
Region	Ningxia
Country	China

Paleobiota

After Wang et al. (2022)^[2]

Arthropods

Arthropods
Genus	Species	Higher taxon	Notes	Images
Aseripterella	A. sinensis	Erasipteridae	Name is an anagram of Erasipterella's[3]
Brodioptera	B. sinensis	Brodiopteridae (Megasecoptera)	Known from several specimens, including some likely freshly-emerged imagoes/subimagoes,[4] alongside likely having sensory setae on its wings[5]
Chenxiella	C. liuae	Archaeorthoptera	Similar to “lobeattids”, specifically Sinopteron[6]
Ctenoptilus	C. frequens	Ctenoptilidae (Archaeorthoptera)	Likely omnivorous and laid its eggs in the ground, based on mandible and ovipositor anatomy[7]
Dictyoptera indet.	Unapplicable	Polyneoptera	Contains three unnamed “roachoid” species, which are distinct from the two named species but have too little material to be named themselves[8]
Erasipterella	E. jini	Erasipteridae	Synonymous with the genus “Sinierasiptera”[3]	E. jini fossil
Gulou	G. carpenteri	Plecoptera	Earliest known stonefly fossil[9]	Fossil of Gulou
Haidilaozhen	H. cuiae	Haidilaozhenidae (Odonatoptera)	Convergently evolved wings similar to damselflies[10]
Heterologus	H. duyiwuer	Archaeorthoptera[11]
Kinklidoblatta	K. youhei	Dictyoptera incertae sedis	Indeterminate family[8]
Longzhua	L. loculata	Archaeorthoptera	Carnivorous and predatory, likely related to cnemidolestodeans[12]
Miamia	M. maimai	Archaeorthoptera	Species name is both an anagram of the genus and translated to “buried veins”[13]	Fossils of M. maimai
Namuroningxia	N. elegans	Namuroningxiidae (Palaeodictyoptera)	Wing venation resembles several distinct clades of palaeopteran insects[14]
Namuroptera	N. minuta	Aykhalidae (Megasecoptera)	Relatively small[15]
Oligotypus	O. huangheensis	Paralogidae	Synonymous with the monotypic genus “Sinomeganeura”[3]	O. huangheensis fossil
Phtanomiamia	P. gui	Archaeorthoptera	Similar to Miamia[16]
Protomiamia	P. yangi	Archaeorthoptera	Similar to “lobeattids”, male is smaller than the female[17]
Qilianiblatta	Q. namuriensis	Phylloblattidae? (Eoblattodea)	Earliest known dictyopteran[18]
Shenzhousia	S. qilianshanensis	Meganeuridae	A griffinfly with single wing length about 16 cm[3]
Sinodiapha	S. ramosa	Sinodiaphidae (Megasecopteromorpha)	An unusual transitional form between Megasecoptera and Diaphanopterodea[19]
Sinodunbaria	S. jarmilae	Spilapteridae	Known from a nearly complete fossil, has dark wings with light banding[20]
Sinoerasipteron	S. xiaheyanensis	Erasipteridae	Known from a partial forewing[21]
Sinogerarus	S. pectinatus	Archaeorthoptera	Similar to Gerarus, but only known from a partial forewing[22]
Sinonamuropteris	S. ningxianensis	Grylloblattodea	Synonymised with several other species and three separate genera[23]
Sinopalaeopteryx	S. olivieri, S. splendens	Aykhalidae (Megasecoptera)[15]
Sinopteron	S. huangheense	Archaeorthoptera	Higher clade within Archaeorthoptera indeterminate[14]
Sylphalula	S. laliquei	Erasipteridae	Known from a poorly preserved specimen, but has unusually few wing veins and is quite small[3]
Tupus	T. orientalis	Meganeuridae	Formerly included in its own genus, “Paragilsonia”[3]	Drawing of Tupus permianus
Tytthospilaptera	T. wangae	Spilapteridae	Smallest palaeodictyopteran known, with a wingspan of around 2 cm[24]
Xiaheyanella	X. orta	Calvertiellidae (Palaeodictyoptera)	Earliest calvertiellid, yet still has some of their derived wing venation characters[25]
Xixia	X. huban	Cnemidolestodea (Archaeorthoptera)	Has an unusual pattern of dark patches on its wings[26]
Carbolohmannia	C. maimaiphilus	Mixonomata (Oribatida)	Earliest phoretic mite known, phoretic on the insect Miamia maimai[27]
Laevitealliocaris	L. xiaheyanensis	Tealliocarididae (Pygocephalomorpha)	First tealliocaridid from outside Europe or America[28]	Reconstruction of Tealliocaris etheridgii from Scotland

Other Organisms

Other Organisms
Genus	Species	Higher taxon	Notes	Images
Huanghelepis	H. pani	Palaeonisciformes
Ningxiaplatysomus	N. parvus[29]	Platysomiformes (Actinopterygii)
Zhongweilepis	Z. macilentus	Palaeonisciformes	Resembles both Chondrostei and Holostei[30]
Nudasporestrobus	N. ningxicus	Lepidodendrales	Likely a Sigillaria cone[31]	Restoration of Sigillaria