दूर

See also: देर, द्रु, and दुर

Hindi

Etymology

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra), from Sanskrit दूर (dūrá). Also influenced by Classical Persian دور (dūr).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d̪uːɾ/

• Audio (Delhi):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uːɾ

Adjective

दूर • (dūr) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دور)

1. distant, far

   Antonyms: पास (pās), निकट (nikaṭ)

   आपका कार्यालय यहाँ से कितनी दूर है।

   āpkā kāryālay yahā̃ se kitnī dūr hai.

   How far is your office from here?

   पृथ्वी से शनि बहुत दूर है।

   pŕthvī se śani bahut dūr hai.

   Saturn is very distant from the Earth.

2. away, off

   वह सौ मीटर दूर खड़ा था।

   vah sau mīṭar dūr khaṛā thā.

   He was standing a hundred meters away.

   इन लड़कों को खेत से दूर रखो।

   in laṛkõ ko khet se dūr rakho.

   Keep these boys off the field.

Usage notes

दूर (dūr) can be considered an adverb in the same sense as it is considered an adjective.

Noun

दूर • (dūr) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دور)

1. distance, remoteness

Derived terms

• दूरी (dūrī)

References

• Bahri, Hardev (1989), “दूर”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “दूर”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “dūrá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Marathi

Etymology

Ultimately from Sanskrit दूर (dūra).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̪uɾ/, [d̪uːɾ]

Adjective

दूर • (dūra)

1. distant or remote in time or space

Further reading

• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “दूर”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• দূৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬤᬹᬭ (Balinese script)
• দূর (Bengali script)
• 𑰟𑰳𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• ဒူရ (Burmese script)
• દૂર (Gujarati script)
• ਦੂਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌦𑍂𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦢꦹꦫ (Javanese script)
• 𑂠𑂴𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ದೂರ (Kannada script)
• ទូរ (Khmer script)
• ທູຣ (Lao script)
• ദൂര (Malayalam script)
• ᡩᡠᡠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘟𑘴𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᢑᠤᠤᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦿𑧕𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐡𑐹𑐬 (Newa script)
• ଦୂର (Odia script)
• ꢣꢹꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆢𑆷𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖟𑖳𑖨 (Siddham script)
• දූර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩭𑩒𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚛𑚱𑚤 (Takri script)
• தூ³ர (Tamil script)
• దూర (Telugu script)
• ทูร (Thai script)
• དཱུ་ར (Tibetan script)
• 𑒠𑒴𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨛𑨃𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dweh₂-

Proto-Indo-European *-rós

Proto-Indo-European *dweh₂rós

Proto-Indo-Iranian *duHrás

Sanskrit दूर (dūra)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *duHrás, from Proto-Indo-European *dweh₂rós (“long, far away”), from *dweh₂-.

Cognate with Old Persian 𐎯𐎢𐎼𐎡𐎹 (du-u-r-i-y /⁠dūraiy⁠/, “afar”) (whence Persian دور (dur, “far”)), Avestan 𐬛𐬏𐬭𐬁𐬝 (dūrāt̰, “from afar”), Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Latin dūrus, Old Armenian երկար (erkar, “long, extended”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /duː.ɾɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d̪uː.ɾɐ/

Adjective

दूर • (dūrá) stem

1. distant, far, long, remote
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.29.6:

     पता॑ति कुण्डृ॒णाच्या॑ दू॒रं वातो॒ वना॒दधि॑।
     आ तू न॑ इन्द्र शंसय॒ गोष्वश्वे॑षु शु॒भ्रिषु॑ स॒हस्रे॑षु तुवीमघ॥

     pátāti kuṇḍṛṇā́cyā dūráṃ vā́to vánādádhi.
     ā́ tū́ na indra śaṃsaya góṣváśveṣu śubhríṣu sahásreṣu tuvīmagha.

     Let us (adverse) breeze, with crooked course, alight afar off on the forest; Indra, of boundless wealth, enrich us with thousands of excellent cows and horses.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दूर

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दूरः (dūráḥ)	दूरौ (dūráu) दूरा¹ (dūrā́¹)	दूराः (dūrā́ḥ) दूरासः¹ (dūrā́saḥ¹)
accusative	दूरम् (dūrám)	दूरौ (dūráu) दूरा¹ (dūrā́¹)	दूरान् (dūrā́n)
instrumental	दूरेण (dūréṇa)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरैः (dūráiḥ) दूरेभिः¹ (dūrébhiḥ¹)
dative	दूराय (dūrā́ya)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरेभ्यः (dūrébhyaḥ)
ablative	दूरात् (dūrā́t)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरेभ्यः (dūrébhyaḥ)
genitive	दूरस्य (dūrásya)	दूरयोः (dūráyoḥ)	दूराणाम् (dūrā́ṇām)
locative	दूरे (dūré)	दूरयोः (dūráyoḥ)	दूरेषु (dūréṣu)
vocative	दूर (dū́ra)	दूरौ (dū́rau) दूरा¹ (dū́rā¹)	दूराः (dū́rāḥ) दूरासः¹ (dū́rāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of दूरा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दूरा (dūrā́)	दूरे (dūré)	दूराः (dūrā́ḥ)
accusative	दूराम् (dūrā́m)	दूरे (dūré)	दूराः (dūrā́ḥ)
instrumental	दूरया (dūráyā) दूरा¹ (dūrā́¹)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूराभिः (dūrā́bhiḥ)
dative	दूरायै (dūrā́yai)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूराभ्यः (dūrā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	दूरायाः (dūrā́yāḥ) दूरायै² (dūrā́yai²)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूराभ्यः (dūrā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	दूरायाः (dūrā́yāḥ) दूरायै² (dūrā́yai²)	दूरयोः (dūráyoḥ)	दूराणाम् (dūrā́ṇām)
locative	दूरायाम् (dūrā́yām)	दूरयोः (dūráyoḥ)	दूरासु (dūrā́su)
vocative	दूरे (dū́re)	दूरे (dū́re)	दूराः (dū́rāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of दूर

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दूरम् (dūrám)	दूरे (dūré)	दूराणि (dūrā́ṇi) दूरा¹ (dūrā́¹)
accusative	दूरम् (dūrám)	दूरे (dūré)	दूराणि (dūrā́ṇi) दूरा¹ (dūrā́¹)
instrumental	दूरेण (dūréṇa)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरैः (dūráiḥ) दूरेभिः¹ (dūrébhiḥ¹)
dative	दूराय (dūrā́ya)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरेभ्यः (dūrébhyaḥ)
ablative	दूरात् (dūrā́t)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरेभ्यः (dūrébhyaḥ)
genitive	दूरस्य (dūrásya)	दूरयोः (dūráyoḥ)	दूराणाम् (dūrā́ṇām)
locative	दूरे (dūré)	दूरयोः (dūráyoḥ)	दूरेषु (dūréṣu)
vocative	दूर (dū́ra)	दूरे (dū́re)	दूराणि (dū́rāṇi) दूरा¹ (dū́rā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

दूर • (dūrá) stem, n

1. distance, remoteness
2. come from afar
3. long way back or from a remote period

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of दूर

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	दूरम् (dūrám)	दूरे (dūré)	दूराणि (dūrā́ṇi) दूरा¹ (dūrā́¹)
accusative	दूरम् (dūrám)	दूरे (dūré)	दूराणि (dūrā́ṇi) दूरा¹ (dūrā́¹)
instrumental	दूरेण (dūréṇa)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरैः (dūráiḥ) दूरेभिः¹ (dūrébhiḥ¹)
dative	दूराय (dūrā́ya)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरेभ्यः (dūrébhyaḥ)
ablative	दूरात् (dūrā́t)	दूराभ्याम् (dūrā́bhyām)	दूरेभ्यः (dūrébhyaḥ)
genitive	दूरस्य (dūrásya)	दूरयोः (dūráyoḥ)	दूराणाम् (dūrā́ṇām)
locative	दूरे (dūré)	दूरयोः (dūráyoḥ)	दूरेषु (dūréṣu)
vocative	दूर (dū́ra)	दूरे (dū́re)	दूराणि (dū́rāṇi) दूरा¹ (dū́rā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Borrowed terms

• → Irula: தூர (tūra)
• → Kannada: ದೂರ (dūra)
• → Khmer: ទូរ (tuu)
• → Lao: ໂທລະ (thō la)
• → Malay: dura
• → Malayalam: ദൂരം (dūraṁ)
• → Tamil: தூரம் (tūram)
• → Telugu: దూరము (dūramu)
• → Thai: โทร (too-rá-)

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Dameli: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Kashmiri: دوٗر (dūr)
  • Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Phalura: [script needed] (dhūro)
  • Savi: [script needed] (duro)
  • Shina: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Southwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Tirahi: [script needed] (dūr)
  • Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (dur)
• Helu Prakrit:
  • Dhivehi: ދުރު (duru)
  • Sinhalese: දුර (dura)
• Khasa Prakrit:
  • Nepali: दुर् (dur)
• Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
  • Assamese: দূৰ (dur)
  • Bengali: দূর (dur)
  • Bihari:
    • Bhojpuri: दूर (dūr)
    • Maithili: दूर (dūr)
  • Odia: ଦୂର (dura)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
  • Marathi: दूर (dūr)
• Pali: dūra
• Paisaci Prakrit:
  • Takka Apabhramsa:
    • Punjabi: ਦੂਰ (dūr)
  • Vracada Apabhramsa:
    • Sindhi: डूरि (ḍūri)
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
  • Garhwali: दूर (dūr)
  • Gujarati: દૂર (dūr)
  • Hindustani:

    Hindi: दूर (dūr)

    Urdu: دور (dūr)

  • Kumaoni: दुरो (duro)
  • Romani: dur

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “दूर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 489/2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 739
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “dūrá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press