सह

See also: साही, सिंह, सही, सेही, and सौंह

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit सह (sahá), through Old Marathi 𑘭𑘮 (saha). Doublet of सुद्धा (suddhā).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /səɦ/, [sə]
• Rhymes: -ə
• Hyphenation: सह

Postposition

सह • (saha)

1. with, along with, together with

Preposition

सह • (saha)

1. with, along with, together with
   • 2017 November 2, “भूतानचे राजे सहपरिवार पंतप्रधान मोदींच्या भेटीला! [bhūtānce rāje sahaprivār pantapradhān modīñcyā bheṭīlā!]”, in ABP Majha‎, New Delhi, archived from the original on 22 November 2017:

     भूतानचे राजे सहपरिवार पंतप्रधान मोदींच्या भेटीला!

     bhūtānce rāje sahparivār pantapradhān modīñcyā bheṭīlā!

     Bhutan's King at Prime Minister Modi's meeting with [his] family!

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “सह”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “सह”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• Shankar Gopal Tulpule; Anne Feldhaus (1999), “सह”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• saha (Latin script)
• 𑀲𑀳 (Brahmi script)
• সহ (Bengali script)
• සහ (Sinhalese script)
• သဟ or သႁ (Burmese script)
• สห or สะหะ (Thai script)
• ᩈᩉ (Tai Tham script)
• ສຫ or ສະຫະ (Lao script)
• សហ (Khmer script)
• 𑄥𑄦 (Chakma script)

Conjunction

सह (saha)

1. Devanagari script form of saha (“together with”)
   • c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎ (overall work in Pali), page 12; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:

     चसहग्गहणेन धकारस्स हकारादेसो होति;

     Casahaggahaṇena dhakārassa hakārādeso hoti;

     By taking it together with 'ca', one gets a change of 'dh' to 'h';

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• সহ (Assamese script)
• ᬲᬳ (Balinese script)
• সহ (Bengali script)
• 𑰭𑰮 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀲𑀳 (Brahmi script)
• သဟ (Burmese script)
• સહ (Gujarati script)
• ਸਹ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌸𑌹 (Grantha script)
• ꦱꦲ (Javanese script)
• 𑂮𑂯 (Kaithi script)
• ಸಹ (Kannada script)
• សហ (Khmer script)
• ສຫ (Lao script)
• സഹ (Malayalam script)
• ᠰᠠᡥᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘭𑘮 (Modi script)
• ᠰᠠᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧍𑧎 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐳𑐴 (Newa script)
• ସହ (Odia script)
• ꢱꢲ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆱𑆲 (Sharada script)
• 𑖭𑖮 (Siddham script)
• සහ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑪁𑪂 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚨𑚩 (Takri script)
• ஸஹ (Tamil script)
• సహ (Telugu script)
• สห (Thai script)
• ས་ཧ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒮𑒯 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨰𑨱 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /sɐ.ɦɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /s̪ɐ.ɦɐ/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *saȷ́ʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰós (“powerful, holding”), from the root *seǵʰ- (“to overpower”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *segos, whence Welsh hy (“bold”).

Adjective

सह • (sahá) stem (root सह्)

1. powerful, mighty
2. overcoming, vanquishing
3. bearing, enduring, withstanding, defying, equal to, a match for [with genitive; or with compound]
4. causing, effecting, stimulating, exerting
5. able to, capable of (infinitive or compound)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सह

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	सहः (saháḥ)	सहौ (saháu) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)	सहाः (sahā́ḥ) सहासः¹ (sahā́saḥ¹)
accusative	सहम् (sahám)	सहौ (saháu) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)	सहान् (sahā́n)
instrumental	सहेन (sahéna)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहैः (saháiḥ) सहेभिः¹ (sahébhiḥ¹)
dative	सहाय (sahā́ya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahébhyaḥ)
ablative	सहात् (sahā́t)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahébhyaḥ)
genitive	सहस्य (sahásya)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahā́nām)
locative	सहे (sahé)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहेषु (sahéṣu)
vocative	सह (sáha)	सहौ (sáhau) सहा¹ (sáhā¹)	सहाः (sáhāḥ) सहासः¹ (sáhāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of सहा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	सहा (sahā́)	सहे (sahé)	सहाः (sahā́ḥ)
accusative	सहाम् (sahā́m)	सहे (sahé)	सहाः (sahā́ḥ)
instrumental	सहया (saháyā) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहाभिः (sahā́bhiḥ)
dative	सहायै (sahā́yai)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहाभ्यः (sahā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	सहायाः (sahā́yāḥ) सहायै² (sahā́yai²)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहाभ्यः (sahā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	सहायाः (sahā́yāḥ) सहायै² (sahā́yai²)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahā́nām)
locative	सहायाम् (sahā́yām)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहासु (sahā́su)
vocative	सहे (sáhe)	सहे (sáhe)	सहाः (sáhāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of सह

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	सहम् (sahám)	सहे (sahé)	सहानि (sahā́ni) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)
accusative	सहम् (sahám)	सहे (sahé)	सहानि (sahā́ni) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)
instrumental	सहेन (sahéna)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहैः (saháiḥ) सहेभिः¹ (sahébhiḥ¹)
dative	सहाय (sahā́ya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahébhyaḥ)
ablative	सहात् (sahā́t)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahébhyaḥ)
genitive	सहस्य (sahásya)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahā́nām)
locative	सहे (sahé)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहेषु (sahéṣu)
vocative	सह (sáha)	सहे (sáhe)	सहानि (sáhāni) सहा¹ (sáhā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

सह • (sahá) stem, m

1. various names or epithets
   1. the month Mārgaśīrṣa
   2. a particular fire
   3. a son of Manu
   4. a son of Prāṇa and Ūrjasvatī
   5. a son of Dhritarashtra
   6. a son of Krishna and Madri
   7. (Buddhism) a division of the world
   8. (Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) various plants (unclear which plants); (?) Unguis odoratus

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सह

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	सहः (saháḥ)	सहौ (saháu) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)	सहाः (sahā́ḥ) सहासः¹ (sahā́saḥ¹)
accusative	सहम् (sahám)	सहौ (saháu) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)	सहान् (sahā́n)
instrumental	सहेन (sahéna)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहैः (saháiḥ) सहेभिः¹ (sahébhiḥ¹)
dative	सहाय (sahā́ya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahébhyaḥ)
ablative	सहात् (sahā́t)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahébhyaḥ)
genitive	सहस्य (sahásya)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahā́nām)
locative	सहे (sahé)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहेषु (sahéṣu)
vocative	सह (sáha)	सहौ (sáhau) सहा¹ (sáhā¹)	सहाः (sáhāḥ) सहासः¹ (sáhāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Noun

सह • (sahá) stem, n

1. strength

   Synonym: बल (bala)

2. a kind of salt

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of सह

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	सहम् (saham)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni) सहा¹ (sahā¹)
accusative	सहम् (saham)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni) सहा¹ (sahā¹)
instrumental	सहेन (sahena)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहैः (sahaiḥ) सहेभिः¹ (sahebhiḥ¹)
dative	सहाय (sahāya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
ablative	सहात् (sahāt)	सहाभ्याम् (sahābhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahebhyaḥ)
genitive	सहस्य (sahasya)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahānām)
locative	सहे (sahe)	सहयोः (sahayoḥ)	सहेषु (saheṣu)
vocative	सह (saha)	सहे (sahe)	सहानि (sahāni) सहा¹ (sahā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sadʰá, from Proto-Indo-European *sm̥dʰé, from *sm̥- (“whole, all, together (with)”) (whence स- (sa-)) + *-dʰe (locative suffix). See also सध- (sadha-).

The noun and derived forms come from the particle, probably etymologically "one who is with (another person)".

Postposition

सह • (sahá)

1. together with, along with, with [with instrumental, rarely ablative]

   तेन सह ― tena saha ― along with him — along with him

   ऐश्वर्यात् सह ― aiśvaryāt sahá ― with sovereignty

2. in common, in company, jointly, conjointly, in concert

Suffix

सह • (saha)

1. (rare) together with, along with, with

   ‎वैनतेय (vainateya) + ‎सह (saha) → ‎वैनतेयसह (vainateyasaha, “with Vaitaneya”)

Prefix

सह • (saha)

1. co-, in common, jointly, together

   ‎सह (saha) + ‎अध्ययन (adhyayana, “studying”) → ‎सहाध्ययन (sahādhyayana, “studying together, companionship in study”)

   ‎सह (saha) + ‎चर (cara, “going”) → ‎सहचर (sahacara, “accompanying”)

2. (prefixed forming adverbs of time) at the same time or simultaneously with

   ‎सह (saha) + ‎पूर्वाह्ण (pūrvāhṇa, “forenoon”) → ‎सहपूर्वाह्णम् (sahapūrvāhṇam, “simulatenously with the beginning of forenoon”)

Usage notes

With the roots ग्रह् (grah) and आदा (ādā, prefixed root from दा (dā)), meaning to take with one.

With the root दा (dā), meaning to take away with one.

With कृत्वा (kṛtvā) [with accusative], meaning taking with one; in the company of.

Noun

सह • (sahá) stem, m

1. companion

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सह

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	सहः (saháḥ)	सहौ (saháu) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)	सहाः (sahā́ḥ) सहासः¹ (sahā́saḥ¹)
accusative	सहम् (sahám)	सहौ (saháu) सहा¹ (sahā́¹)	सहान् (sahā́n)
instrumental	सहेन (sahéna)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहैः (saháiḥ) सहेभिः¹ (sahébhiḥ¹)
dative	सहाय (sahā́ya)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahébhyaḥ)
ablative	सहात् (sahā́t)	सहाभ्याम् (sahā́bhyām)	सहेभ्यः (sahébhyaḥ)
genitive	सहस्य (sahásya)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहानाम् (sahā́nām)
locative	सहे (sahé)	सहयोः (saháyoḥ)	सहेषु (sahéṣu)
vocative	सह (sáha)	सहौ (sáhau) सहा¹ (sáhā¹)	सहाः (sáhāḥ) सहासः¹ (sáhāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• सहदेव (sahadeva)
• सहवास (sahavāsa)
• सहाय (sahāya)
• सहायक (sahāyaka)
• सहायता (sahāyatā)
• सहोदर (sahodara)
• सह्य (sahya, “help”)
• साहाय्य (sāhāyya)
• साह्य (sāhya, “help”)

Descendants

• Romani: -ça
• → Old Javanese: saha
  • > Javanese: ꦱꦲ (saha) (inherited)
• Pali: saha
  • → Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
• → Marathi: सह (sah)

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “सह”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1193.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “sahá”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 719