-KAAD

See also: kaad, -kaad, -kąąd, and -KʼĄĄD

Navajo

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *qa̓tʼ (“to spread out, fall scattered, collapse, slap, clap”).

Found in Navajo in a wide range of themes related to the moving or spreading of "flatness", including classificatory root for the moving / falling or propelling of objects of the PlO2 (profusion) or OC (open container) classes, the herding of sheep over a surface, or the slapping of hands.

Root

-KAAD

 1. PlO2 (as seeds) or OC (as a bucket and its content) falls, spills, scatters

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
∅	motion	PlO2 / OC falls yikaad (∅-MOM) iikaad adaakaad dikaad haakaad naakaad nʼdiikaad (nʼdii-, “breaks loose”) — (ni-MOM) chʼékaad — — (CONT) — (PROG)	S tosses PlO2 / OC yiłkaad (∅-MOM) iiłkaad — haiłkaad neiłkaad — yíłkaad (ni-MOM) chʼííłkaad niyíłkaad — (CONT) — (PROG)

 2. to herd sheep, to drive sheep

Theme	Category	Bases	Unspecified (+ʼa)
O + ni + ł	motion	S herds O (sheep) niłkaad (∅-MOM) iiniłkaad yidíníłkaad yidíníiłkaad hainiłkaad ńdíʼníiłkaad (ńdii-, “start”) táidíníłkaad nineekaad (ni-MOM) chʼíneekaad niineekaad neiniłkaad (CONT) yinoołkał (PROG)

 3. to slap, to clap hands

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
dzi/O + ∅	successive	S slaps, beats (O) Motion (with dzi-) : adzikaad (MOM) ahaniyídzíkaad dzidikaad naaʼyídzíkaad yááyídziikaad Successive (with O): néidiikaad (ńdii-, semelf.) yííníikaad (yíníi--, semelf.) yókaad (yíní-, rep.) ↳ ahókaad yikaad (REP) néiniłkaad ahékad ahíiłkad (SEM)

 4. flatness moves (other minor themes)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + ∅	motion	S collapses or sways anikaad (MOM) naaʼanikaad nanikaad (CONT) nookał (PROG)	S topples O iiniłkaad (MOM) naaʼiiniłkaad
∅	successive	S plays cards, gambles adiʼniikaad (MOM) adikaʼ (REP)
∅		S becomes chipped békaad (MOM) hakaad (REP)	S chips O yéłkaad (MOM)
di + ∅	adjectival	S is flat, thin dikad (NEUT)
∅	positional	S lies, spreads (as shrubs) sikaad (NEUT, perf.) naazkaad naakaad (CONT)	S keeps O in position yiskaad
hi / di + yíní + ∅	positional	S hangs, extends (as blanket, layer) dékaad nahííkaad (yikał) (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	Imperfective	Perfective	Future	Iterative	Optative
Momentaneous	-kad	-kaad	-kał	-kaʼ	-kad
Continuative	-kaad	-kaad	-kał	-kaʼ	-kaad
Conative	-kaad	-kaad	-kał	-kaʼ	-kaad
Repetitive	-kaʼ	-kaad	-kał	-kaʼ	-kaʼ
Repetitive	-kad	-kaad	-kał	-kaʼ	-kad
SEM / CONCL	-kad	-kad	-kał	-kaʼ	-kad
Neuter	-kad	-kaad	—	—	—

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

PlO2 verbs:

• -JAAʼ
• -DEEʼ

OC verbs:

• -KĄ́
• -DÁÁZ

FFO verbs:

• -TSOOZ (handle FFO)
• -ʼAH (propel FFO)
• -NAʼ (FFO moves)
• -BAAL (FFO hangs)
• -TIʼ (spread a FFO)

 

to sway:

• -WOD
• -YIZ
• -ZÉÉH

to collapse:

• -TŁÉÉʼ
• -YĘĘZH

to hit, to beat:

• -GHAAL (club)
• -GOʼ
• -TSEED (hammer)
• -TSʼIN (fist)
• -TSXAS (lash)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -KAAD (PlO2 falls)

adaakaad

chʼékaad

chʼííłkaad

dikaad

haakaad

hakaad

iikaad

iiłkaad

naakaad

yíłkaad

Navajo terms belonging to the root -KAAD (clap)

adzikaad

ahékad

ahíiłkad

Navajo terms belonging to the root -KAAD (flat moves)

adikaʼ

adiʼniikaad

ahaniyídzíkaad

anikaad

dékaad

dikad

naazkaad

nahííkaad

neiniłkaad

sikaad

yikad

yikał

yiłkaad