-WOD

See also: wod and wɔ́d

Navajo

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʊ̓t’ (“to be bent, curved”). Occurs also in a secondary meaning related to wriggling, jiggling, and by extension, in some Athabaskan languages including Navajo, to being agile and running.

Cognate root found in Ahtna ghotʼ (“bent”), Carrier nəlɣwət (“to wriggle”), nəsɣwət (“to be agile, rapid”).

Occurs in Navajo in two additional extended meanings related to limping and to rocking. The “rock” theme uses a different momentaneous stem set, and might be a different root altogether.

Root

-WOD

  1. to bend, to flex, to disjoint; to limp

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
∅		S disjoints, bends aháyeed haayeed naaniyeed — niiyeed (ni-MOM) niiyeed (yii-MOM)	S bends O aháłheed — kʼéłheed — niiłheed (yii-MOM)
ʼa + ni + ł	motion	S is lame, limps haʼniłheed naʼniłhod (CONT)

  2. to rock

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
∅	successive	S rocks — — yiwod (REP)	S rocks O, shakes O neidíníłhóód (ndíní-) naʼiidíníłhóód (ndíʼní-) yiłhod (REP)

  3. to run

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (∅ + ł + l)
l	motion	S runs yilyeed (∅-MOM) iilyeed dilyeed diilyeed dinilyeed (“stuck”) haalyeed kʼélyeed naalyeed nʼdiilyeed (“breaks loose”) tádílyeed yisdályeed yílyeed (ni-MOM) chʼélyeed niilyeed naasyeed (CONT) (perf. only) yilwoł (PROG)	S runs O                               yiyoołwoł
l	adjectival	S is a runner dilwoʼ

Stem set

Aspect	Imperfective	Perfective	Future	Iterative	Optative
Momentaneous	-yeed	-wod	-woł	-woʼ	-yeed
Momentaneous	-wóód	-wóód	-woł	-woʼ	-wóód
Continuative	—	-wod	—	—	—
Cursive	-woł	—	—	—	—
NEUT/COMP	-woʼ	—	—	—	—

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to run:

• -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ (2 subjects)
• -JÉÉʼ (3+ subjects)

to go swiftly, to dash:

• -TÁÁL
• -TEEʼ
• -TʼIʼ
• -ZAAL

to bend:

• -DÉÉL
• -JOOL
• -TAAZ
• -YIIZH

to rock:

• -KAAD
• -YIZ

to shake:

• -DÉÉL (jolt)
• -DZID (pan, bottle)
• -GHÁÁD
• -JĄH (rattle)
• -MÁÁZ (finger, hat)
• -NAAʼ (earth, body)
• -TŁID
• -TSIZ (nervous)

 

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -WOD (bend)

aháyeed

haayeed

naaniyeed

niiyeed

Navajo terms belonging to the root -WOD (rock)

yiłhod

yiwod

Navajo terms belonging to the root -WOD (run)

chʼélyeed

diilyeed

dilwoʼ

dilyeed

haalyeed

iilyeed

kʼélyeed

yilwoł

yilyeed

yílyeed

yiyoołwoł

References

• Young, Robert; Morgan, William; Midgette, Sally (1992), Analytical lexicon of Navajo, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, →ISBN, page 647