estoffer

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French estoffer.

Verb

estoffer

1. to decorate, to garnish

Conjugation

• Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

Conjugation of estoffer

infinitive	simple	estoffer
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle1 or gerund2	simple	estoffant
	compound	present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle
past participle		estoffé
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ie (i’)	tu	il, elle	nous	vous	ilz, elles
(simple tenses)	present	estoffe	estoffes	estoffe	estoffons	estoffez	estoffent
	imperfect	estoffois, estoffoys	estoffois, estoffoys	estoffoit, estoffoyt	estoffions, estoffyons	estoffiez, estoffyez	estoffoient, estoffoyent
	past historic	estoffa	estoffas	estoffa	estoffasmes	estoffastes	estofferent
	future	estofferai, estofferay	estofferas	estoffera	estofferons	estofferez	estofferont
	conditional	estofferois, estofferoys	estofferois, estofferoys	estofferoit, estofferoyt	estofferions, estofferyons	estofferiez, estofferyez	estofferoient, estofferoyent
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que ie (i’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ilz, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	estoffe	estoffes	estoffe	estoffons	estoffez	estoffent
	imperfect	estoffasse	estoffasses	estoffast	estoffassions	estoffassiez	estoffassent
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	estoffe	—	estoffons	estoffez	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679.
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180).

Descendants

• French: étoffer

Old French

Alternative forms

• estofer

Etymology

Borrowed from Old High German stopfōn, stoffōn, from Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn. The source must be an Alemannic dialect, not a Frankish one (as claimed in several sources). Western dialects of Frankish (i.e. Rhine and Central Franconian) did not undergo the shift pp > pf.

Verb

estoffer

1. to decorate, garnish

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-ff, *-ffs, *-fft are modified to f, s, t. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of estoffer (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		estoffer			avoir estoffé
gerund		en estoffant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		estoffant
past participle		estoffé
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	estof	estoffes	estoffe	estoffons	estoffez	estoffent
	imperfect	estoffoie, estoffeie, estoffoe, estoffeve	estoffoies, estoffeies, estoffoes, estoffeves	estoffoit, estoffeit, estoffot, estoffeve	estoffiiens, estoffiens	estoffiiez, estoffiez	estoffoient, estoffeient, estoffoent, estoffevent
	preterite	estoffai	estoffas	estoffa	estoffames	estoffastes	estofferent
	future	estofferai	estofferas	estoffera	estofferons	estofferoiz, estoffereiz, estofferez	estofferont
	conditional	estofferoie, estoffereie	estofferoies, estoffereies	estofferoit, estoffereit	estofferiiens, estofferiens	estofferiiez, estofferiez	estofferoient, estoffereient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	estof	estos	estot	estoffons	estoffez	estoffent
	imperfect	estoffasse	estoffasses	estoffast	estoffissons, estoffissiens	estoffissoiz, estoffissez, estoffissiez	estoffassent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	estoffe	—	estoffons	estoffez	—

Descendants

• Middle French: estoffer
  • French: étoffer
• → Middle Dutch: stoffēren
  • Dutch: stofferen
  • → Middle Low German: staffēren
    • → German: staffieren
• → Middle English: stuffen
  • English: stuff
    • → French: stoff
  • Scots: stuff