jpw

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ipuː/
  • Conventional anglicization: ipu

Etymology 1

Plural form of pw.

Determiner

 m pl proximal, later vocative demonstrative determiner

1. (Old Egyptian) these
2. (Middle Egyptian, archaizing) O (vocative reference)

Usage notes

This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner it follows the noun it describes.

In Old Egyptian it forms a contrastive pair with the demonstrative jpf, in which jpw is proximal.

Its use in Middle Egyptian texts is an archaism.

In Old Egyptian this form is also used for the dual. Traditionally this is interpreted as a summary writing of a special dual form jpwj (attested as such only in archaizing Middle Egyptian texts). An alternative possible interpretation is that there simply was no distinction between the masculine dual and plural demonstrative determiners.

Inflection

Old Egyptian demonstratives

	determiners						pronouns1	adverbs
	singular		dual		plural		unmarked
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
proximal to speaker	pn	tn	*jpnj	jptnj, jptntj	jpn	jptn	nn	—
distal	pf	tf	*jpfj	*jptfj, *jptftj	jpf	jptf	nf	—
proximal to spoken of	pj, pw, p	tj, tw	jpwj	jptwj, jptwtj	jpw	jptw, jptwt	nw	—
vocative	pꜣ	tꜣ	—	—	—	—	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ

¹ Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives

	determiners and pronouns			adverbs
	singular		plural1
	masculine	feminine
proximal	pn	tn	nn	ꜥn
distal	pf, pfꜣ	tf, tfꜣ	nf, nfꜣ	ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocative	pw, pwy	tw, twy	nw	—
anaphoric	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ

¹ Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles

	masculine	feminine	plural		adverb
pronoun	pꜣw				dj
determiners and pronouns	pꜣj	tꜣj	nꜣj
possessive determiners1	pꜣy	tꜣy	nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)	p-n, pꜣ	t-nt, tꜣ	nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ2
indefinite articles	wꜥ2		nhꜣy2

¹ Used with suffix pronouns.
² Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jpw  

jpw	jpw	pw
		[Old Egyptian]
		uncommon

Etymology 2

Proper noun

  m./f. topo.

1. Akhmim or Panopolis, a city in Upper Egypt

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jpw  

jp	jwpw	jwp
[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Greco-Roman Period]
	in hieratic

Derived terms

• jpwj
• nb-jpw

Descendants

• Demotic: jpw

Etymology 3

From jp (“to count, to assess, to assign”) +‎ -w.

Noun

 m

1. (chiefly Late Egyptian) inventory, list, tax record

Inflection

Declension of jpw (masculine)

singular	jpw
dual	jpwwj
plural	jpww

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jpw  

jpw

Noun

 m

1. levy, duty, payments [18th Dynasty]

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jpw  

jpw

References

• “jpw (lemma ID 854318)”, “Jp.w (lemma ID 24360)”, “jp.w (lemma ID 24340)”, and “jp.w (lemma ID 24330)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926), Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 67.1–67.2, 69, 69.6–69.7
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962), A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 16–17
• James P[eter] Allen (2010), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 55.
• Edel, Elmar (1955-1964), Altägyptische Grammatik, volume 1, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, § 182 et seq., page 83 et seq.
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1929), The Plural and Dual in Old Egyptian, Bruxelles: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth, § 59, pages 60–61