|
positive |
negative |
|
| infinitive |
ukuvula |
ukungavuli |
|
|
| imperative |
|
simple |
+ object concord |
| singular |
vula |
-vule |
| plural |
vulani |
-vuleni |
|
| present |
|
positive absolute |
positive relative |
positive participial |
negative absolute |
negative relative |
negative participial |
| 1st singular |
ngiyavula, ngivula |
engivulayo, engivula |
ngivula |
angivuli |
engingavuli |
ngingavuli |
| 2nd singular |
uyavula, uvula |
ovulayo, ovula |
uvula |
awuvuli |
ongavuli |
ungavuli |
| 1st plural |
siyavula, sivula |
esivulayo, esivula |
sivula |
asivuli |
esingavuli |
singavuli |
| 2nd plural |
niyavula, nivula |
enivulayo, enivula |
nivula |
anivuli |
eningavuli |
ningavuli |
| class 1 |
uyavula, uvula |
ovulayo, ovula |
evula |
akavuli |
ongavuli |
engavuli |
| class 2 |
bayavula, bavula |
abavulayo, abavula |
bevula |
abavuli |
abangavuli |
bengavuli |
| class 3 |
uyavula, uvula |
ovulayo, ovula |
uvula |
awuvuli |
ongavuli |
ungavuli |
| class 4 |
iyavula, ivula |
evulayo, evula |
ivula |
ayivuli |
engavuli |
ingavuli |
| class 5 |
liyavula, livula |
elivulayo, elivula |
livula |
alivuli |
elingavuli |
lingavuli |
| class 6 |
ayavula, avula |
avulayo, avula |
evula |
awavuli |
angavuli |
engavuli |
| class 7 |
siyavula, sivula |
esivulayo, esivula |
sivula |
asivuli |
esingavuli |
singavuli |
| class 8 |
ziyavula, zivula |
ezivulayo, ezivula |
zivula |
azivuli |
ezingavuli |
zingavuli |
| class 9 |
iyavula, ivula |
evulayo, evula |
ivula |
ayivuli |
engavuli |
ingavuli |
| class 10 |
ziyavula, zivula |
ezivulayo, ezivula |
zivula |
azivuli |
ezingavuli |
zingavuli |
| class 11 |
luyavula, luvula |
oluvulayo, oluvula |
luvula |
aluvuli |
olungavuli |
lungavuli |
| class 14 |
buyavula, buvula |
obuvulayo, obuvula |
buvula |
abuvuli |
obungavuli |
bungavuli |
| class 15 |
kuyavula, kuvula |
okuvulayo, okuvula |
kuvula |
akuvuli |
okungavuli |
kungavuli |
| class 17 |
kuyavula, kuvula |
okuvulayo, okuvula |
kuvula |
akuvuli |
okungavuli |
kungavuli |
|
| recent past |
|
positive absolute |
positive relative |
positive participial |
negative absolute |
negative relative |
negative participial |
| 1st singular |
ngivulile, ngivulē |
engivulile, engivulē |
ngivulile, ngivulē |
angivulanga |
engingavulanga |
ngingavulanga |
| 2nd singular |
uvulile, uvulē |
ovulile, ovulē |
uvulile, uvulē |
awuvulanga |
ongavulanga |
ungavulanga |
| 1st plural |
sivulile, sivulē |
esivulile, esivulē |
sivulile, sivulē |
asivulanga |
esingavulanga |
singavulanga |
| 2nd plural |
nivulile, nivulē |
enivulile, enivulē |
nivulile, nivulē |
anivulanga |
eningavulanga |
ningavulanga |
| class 1 |
uvulile, uvulē |
ovulile, ovulē |
evulile, evulē |
akavulanga |
ongavulanga |
engavulanga |
| class 2 |
bavulile, bavulē |
abavulile, abavulē |
bevulile, bevulē |
abavulanga |
abangavulanga |
bengavulanga |
| class 3 |
uvulile, uvulē |
ovulile, ovulē |
uvulile, uvulē |
awuvulanga |
ongavulanga |
ungavulanga |
| class 4 |
ivulile, ivulē |
evulile, evulē |
ivulile, ivulē |
ayivulanga |
engavulanga |
ingavulanga |
| class 5 |
livulile, livulē |
elivulile, elivulē |
livulile, livulē |
alivulanga |
elingavulanga |
lingavulanga |
| class 6 |
avulile, avulē |
avulile, avulē |
evulile, evulē |
awavulanga |
angavulanga |
engavulanga |
| class 7 |
sivulile, sivulē |
esivulile, esivulē |
sivulile, sivulē |
asivulanga |
esingavulanga |
singavulanga |
| class 8 |
zivulile, zivulē |
ezivulile, ezivulē |
zivulile, zivulē |
azivulanga |
ezingavulanga |
zingavulanga |
| class 9 |
ivulile, ivulē |
evulile, evulē |
ivulile, ivulē |
ayivulanga |
engavulanga |
ingavulanga |
| class 10 |
zivulile, zivulē |
ezivulile, ezivulē |
zivulile, zivulē |
azivulanga |
ezingavulanga |
zingavulanga |
| class 11 |
luvulile, luvulē |
oluvulile, oluvulē |
luvulile, luvulē |
aluvulanga |
olungavulanga |
lungavulanga |
| class 14 |
buvulile, buvulē |
obuvulile, obuvulē |
buvulile, buvulē |
abuvulanga |
obungavulanga |
bungavulanga |
| class 15 |
kuvulile, kuvulē |
okuvulile, okuvulē |
kuvulile, kuvulē |
akuvulanga |
okungavulanga |
kungavulanga |
| class 17 |
kuvulile, kuvulē |
okuvulile, okuvulē |
kuvulile, kuvulē |
akuvulanga |
okungavulanga |
kungavulanga |
|
| remote past |
|
positive absolute |
positive relative |
positive participial |
negative absolute |
negative relative |
negative participial |
| 1st singular |
ngāvula |
engāvula |
ngāvula |
angivulanga |
engingavulanga |
ngingavulanga |
| 2nd singular |
wāvula |
owāvula |
wāvula |
awuvulanga |
ongavulanga |
ungavulanga |
| 1st plural |
sāvula |
esāvula |
sāvula |
asivulanga |
esingavulanga |
singavulanga |
| 2nd plural |
nāvula |
enāvula |
nāvula |
anivulanga |
eningavulanga |
ningavulanga |
| class 1 |
wāvula |
owāvula |
āvula |
akavulanga |
ongavulanga |
engavulanga |
| class 2 |
bāvula |
abāvula |
bāvula |
abavulanga |
abangavulanga |
bengavulanga |
| class 3 |
wāvula |
owāvula |
wāvula |
awuvulanga |
ongavulanga |
ungavulanga |
| class 4 |
yāvula |
eyāvula |
yāvula |
ayivulanga |
engavulanga |
ingavulanga |
| class 5 |
lāvula |
elāvula |
lāvula |
alivulanga |
elingavulanga |
lingavulanga |
| class 6 |
āvula |
āvula |
āvula |
awavulanga |
angavulanga |
engavulanga |
| class 7 |
sāvula |
esāvula |
sāvula |
asivulanga |
esingavulanga |
singavulanga |
| class 8 |
zāvula |
ezāvula |
zāvula |
azivulanga |
ezingavulanga |
zingavulanga |
| class 9 |
yāvula |
eyāvula |
yāvula |
ayivulanga |
engavulanga |
ingavulanga |
| class 10 |
zāvula |
ezāvula |
zāvula |
azivulanga |
ezingavulanga |
zingavulanga |
| class 11 |
lwāvula |
olwāvula |
lwāvula |
aluvulanga |
olungavulanga |
lungavulanga |
| class 14 |
bāvula |
obāvula |
bāvula |
abuvulanga |
obungavulanga |
bungavulanga |
| class 15 |
kwāvula |
okwāvula |
kwāvula |
akuvulanga |
okungavulanga |
kungavulanga |
| class 17 |
kwāvula |
okwāvula |
kwāvula |
akuvulanga |
okungavulanga |
kungavulanga |
|
| potential |
|
positive absolute |
positive relative |
positive participial |
negative absolute |
negative relative |
negative participial |
| 1st singular |
ngingavula |
— |
ngingavula |
ngingevule |
— |
ngingevule |
| 2nd singular |
ungavula |
— |
ungavula |
ungevule |
— |
ungevule |
| 1st plural |
singavula |
— |
singavula |
singevule |
— |
singevule |
| 2nd plural |
ningavula |
— |
ningavula |
ningevule |
— |
ningevule |
| class 1 |
angavula |
— |
engavula |
angevule |
— |
engevule |
| class 2 |
bangavula |
— |
bengavula |
bangevule |
— |
bengevule |
| class 3 |
ungavula |
— |
ungavula |
ungevule |
— |
ungevule |
| class 4 |
ingavula |
— |
ingavula |
ingevule |
— |
ingevule |
| class 5 |
lingavula |
— |
lingavula |
lingevule |
— |
lingevule |
| class 6 |
angavula |
— |
engavula |
angevule |
— |
engevule |
| class 7 |
singavula |
— |
singavula |
singevule |
— |
singevule |
| class 8 |
zingavula |
— |
zingavula |
zingevule |
— |
zingevule |
| class 9 |
ingavula |
— |
ingavula |
ingevule |
— |
ingevule |
| class 10 |
zingavula |
— |
zingavula |
zingevule |
— |
zingevule |
| class 11 |
lungavula |
— |
lungavula |
lungevule |
— |
lungevule |
| class 14 |
bungavula |
— |
bungavula |
bungevule |
— |
bungevule |
| class 15 |
kungavula |
— |
kungavula |
kungevule |
— |
kungevule |
| class 17 |
kungavula |
— |
kungavula |
kungevule |
— |
kungevule |
|
| immediate future |
|
positive absolute |
positive relative |
positive participial |
negative absolute |
negative relative |
negative participial |
| 1st singular |
ngizovula |
engizovula |
ngizovula |
angizuvula |
engingezuvula |
ngingezuvula |
| 2nd singular |
uzovula |
ozovula |
uzovula |
awuzuvula |
ongezuvula |
ungezuvula |
| 1st plural |
sizovula |
esizovula |
sizovula |
asizuvula |
esingezuvula |
singezuvula |
| 2nd plural |
nizovula |
enizovula |
nizovula |
anizuvula |
eningezuvula |
ningezuvula |
| class 1 |
uzovula |
ozovula |
ezovula |
akazuvula |
ongezuvula |
engezuvula |
| class 2 |
bazovula |
abazovula |
bezovula |
abazuvula |
abangezuvula |
bengezuvula |
| class 3 |
uzovula |
ozovula |
uzovula |
awuzuvula |
ongezuvula |
ungezuvula |
| class 4 |
izovula |
ezovula |
izovula |
ayizuvula |
engezuvula |
ingezuvula |
| class 5 |
lizovula |
elizovula |
lizovula |
alizuvula |
elingezuvula |
lingezuvula |
| class 6 |
azovula |
azovula |
ezovula |
awazuvula |
angezuvula |
engezuvula |
| class 7 |
sizovula |
esizovula |
sizovula |
asizuvula |
esingezuvula |
singezuvula |
| class 8 |
zizovula |
ezizovula |
zizovula |
azizuvula |
ezingezuvula |
zingezuvula |
| class 9 |
izovula |
ezovula |
izovula |
ayizuvula |
engezuvula |
ingezuvula |
| class 10 |
zizovula |
ezizovula |
zizovula |
azizuvula |
ezingezuvula |
zingezuvula |
| class 11 |
luzovula |
oluzovula |
luzovula |
aluzuvula |
olungezuvula |
lungezuvula |
| class 14 |
buzovula |
obuzovula |
buzovula |
abuzuvula |
obungezuvula |
bungezuvula |
| class 15 |
kuzovula |
okuzovula |
kuzovula |
akuzuvula |
okungezuvula |
kungezuvula |
| class 17 |
kuzovula |
okuzovula |
kuzovula |
akuzuvula |
okungezuvula |
kungezuvula |
|
| remote future |
|
positive absolute |
positive relative |
positive participial |
negative absolute |
negative relative |
negative participial |
| 1st singular |
ngiyovula |
engiyovula |
ngiyovula |
angiyuvula |
engingeyuvula |
ngingeyuvula |
| 2nd singular |
uyovula |
oyovula |
uyovula |
awuyuvula |
ongeyuvula |
ungeyuvula |
| 1st plural |
siyovula |
esiyovula |
siyovula |
asiyuvula |
esingeyuvula |
singeyuvula |
| 2nd plural |
niyovula |
eniyovula |
niyovula |
aniyuvula |
eningeyuvula |
ningeyuvula |
| class 1 |
uyovula |
oyovula |
eyovula |
akayuvula |
ongeyuvula |
engeyuvula |
| class 2 |
bayovula |
abayovula |
beyovula |
abayuvula |
abangeyuvula |
bengeyuvula |
| class 3 |
uyovula |
oyovula |
uyovula |
awuyuvula |
ongeyuvula |
ungeyuvula |
| class 4 |
iyovula |
eyovula |
iyovula |
ayiyuvula |
engeyuvula |
ingeyuvula |
| class 5 |
liyovula |
eliyovula |
liyovula |
aliyuvula |
elingeyuvula |
lingeyuvula |
| class 6 |
ayovula |
ayovula |
eyovula |
awayuvula |
angeyuvula |
engeyuvula |
| class 7 |
siyovula |
esiyovula |
siyovula |
asiyuvula |
esingeyuvula |
singeyuvula |
| class 8 |
ziyovula |
eziyovula |
ziyovula |
aziyuvula |
ezingeyuvula |
zingeyuvula |
| class 9 |
iyovula |
eyovula |
iyovula |
ayiyuvula |
engeyuvula |
ingeyuvula |
| class 10 |
ziyovula |
eziyovula |
ziyovula |
aziyuvula |
ezingeyuvula |
zingeyuvula |
| class 11 |
luyovula |
oluyovula |
luyovula |
aluyuvula |
olungeyuvula |
lungeyuvula |
| class 14 |
buyovula |
obuyovula |
buyovula |
abuyuvula |
obungeyuvula |
bungeyuvula |
| class 15 |
kuyovula |
okuyovula |
kuyovula |
akuyuvula |
okungeyuvula |
kungeyuvula |
| class 17 |
kuyovula |
okuyovula |
kuyovula |
akuyuvula |
okungeyuvula |
kungeyuvula |
|
|
| present subjunctive |
|
positive |
negative |
| 1st singular |
ngivule |
ngingavuli |
| 2nd singular |
uvule |
ungavuli |
| 1st plural |
sivule |
singavuli |
| 2nd plural |
nivule |
ningavuli |
| class 1 |
avule |
angavuli |
| class 2 |
bavule |
bangavuli |
| class 3 |
uvule |
ungavuli |
| class 4 |
ivule |
ingavuli |
| class 5 |
livule |
lingavuli |
| class 6 |
avule |
angavuli |
| class 7 |
sivule |
singavuli |
| class 8 |
zivule |
zingavuli |
| class 9 |
ivule |
ingavuli |
| class 10 |
zivule |
zingavuli |
| class 11 |
luvule |
lungavuli |
| class 14 |
buvule |
bungavuli |
| class 15 |
kuvule |
kungavuli |
| class 17 |
kuvule |
kungavuli |
|
|
| past subjunctive |
|
positive |
negative |
| 1st singular |
ngavula |
ngangavula, angavula, angangavula |
| 2nd singular |
wavula |
wangavula, awavula, awangavula |
| 1st plural |
savula |
sangavula, asavula, asangavula |
| 2nd plural |
navula |
nangavula, anavula, anangavula |
| class 1 |
wavula |
wangavula, akavula, akangavula |
| class 2 |
bavula |
bangavula, abavula, abangavula |
| class 3 |
wavula |
wangavula, awavula, awangavula |
| class 4 |
yavula |
yangavula, ayavula, ayangavula |
| class 5 |
lavula |
langavula, alavula, alangavula |
| class 6 |
avula |
angavula, awavula, awangavula |
| class 7 |
savula |
sangavula, asavula, asangavula |
| class 8 |
zavula |
zangavula, azavula, azangavula |
| class 9 |
yavula |
yangavula, ayavula, ayangavula |
| class 10 |
zavula |
zangavula, azavula, azangavula |
| class 11 |
lwavula |
lwangavula, alwavula, alwangavula |
| class 14 |
bavula |
bangavula, abavula, abangavula |
| class 15 |
kwavula |
kwangavula, akwavula, akwangavula |
| class 17 |
kwavula |
kwangavula, akwavula, akwangavula |