Costa Rica
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Costa Rica, [1] a hukumance Jamhuriyar Costa Rica, [2] ƙasa ce a Amurka ta Tsakiya. Tana iyaka da Nicaragua daga arewa, Tekun Caribbean zuwa arewa maso gabas, Panama zuwa kudu maso gabas, da Tekun Pasifik a kudu maso yamma, haka kuma tana iyaka da tekun Ekwado zuwa kudancin tsibirin Cocos. Tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan biyar[3] [4] a cikin yanki mai kusan 51,180 km2 (19,760 sq mi).[5] Kimanin mutane 352,381 suna zaune a babban birni kuma mafi girma, San José, tare da kusan mutane miliyan biyu a cikin kewayen birni.[6]
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Kasa mai cin gashin kanta jamhuriya ce ta shugaban kasa. Tana da tsarin dimokuradiyya mai dorewa kuma tsayayyiyar tsarin mulki da ma'aikata masu ilimi sosai[7]. Ƙasar tana kashe kusan kashi 6.9% na kasafin kuɗinta (2016) kan ilimi, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na 4.4%.[8]Tattalin arzikinta, da zarar ya dogara ga aikin noma, ya bambanta ya haɗa da sassa kamar kuɗi, sabis na kamfanoni na kamfanonin waje, magunguna, da kuma yawon shakatawa. Yawancin kamfanonin kera da sabis na ƙasashen waje suna aiki a Yankunan Kasuwancin Kyauta na Costa Rica (FTZ) inda suke cin gajiyar saka hannun jari da ƙarfafa haraji.[9]
’Yan asalin ƙasar Costa Rica ne suka zauna kafin su zo ƙarƙashin mulkin Spain a ƙarni na 16. Ya kasance yanki na yanki na daular har zuwa 'yancin kai a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Mexica ta farko, sannan ta zama memba a cikin Tarayyar Amurka ta Tsakiya, wanda daga bisani ta ayyana 'yancin kai a cikin 1847. Bayan taƙaitaccen yakin basasa na Costa Rica a 1948, ya soke sojojinsa har abada a 1949, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun ƙasashe masu iko ba tare da soja ba.
Ƙasar ta ci gaba da yin aiki mai kyau a cikin Ƙididdigar Ci gaban Dan Adam (HDI), ta sanya 58th a duniya kamar na 2022, kuma ta biyar a Latin Amurka.[10] Haka kuma hukumar raya kasashe ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ta bayyana cewa ta samu ci gaban bil’adama fiye da sauran kasashen da ke da matakan samun kudin shiga guda daya, tare da samun kyakkyawan tarihin ci gaban bil’adama da rashin daidaito fiye da tsakiyar yankin[11]. Yana da kyau a kwatancen mulkin dimokuradiyya, ƴan jarida, farin ciki na zahiri da walwala mai dorewa. Ita ce kasa ta 26 mafi ‘yanci a cewar kididdigar ‘Yan Jarida ta 2024, ita ce kasa ta 35 mafi yawan dimokuradiyya bisa ga kididdigar ‘Yanci a Duniya na 2021, kuma ita ce kasa ta 23 mafi farin ciki a cikin Rahoton Farin Ciki na Duniya na 2023.[12][13] Har ila yau, babban wurin yawon bude ido ne a nahiyar.[14].
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Tarihi
Lokacin Pre-Columbian
Babban labarin: Tarihin Pre-Columbian na Costa Rica
Masana tarihi sun rarraba ƴan asalin ƙasar Costa Rica a matsayin na Yankin Matsakaici, inda sassan al'adun Mesoamerican da Andean suka mamaye. Kwanan nan, an kuma bayyana Costa Rica kafin Columbia a matsayin wani yanki na yankin Isthmo-Colombian.
Kayan aikin dutse, mafi dadewa shaida na zama ɗan adam a Costa Rica, yana da alaƙa da zuwan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na mafarauta kimanin shekaru 10,000 zuwa 7,000 KZ a cikin kwarin Turrialba. Kasancewar nau'in mashi da kiban al'adun Clovis daga Kudancin Amirka yana buɗe yiwuwar cewa, a wannan yanki, al'adu daban-daban guda biyu sun kasance tare.[15]
Noma ya bayyana a cikin mutanen da suka rayu a Costa Rica kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka wuce. Sun fi girma tubers da tushen. A cikin ƙarni na farko da na biyu KZ an riga an zaunar da al'ummomin noma. Waɗannan ƙanana ne kuma sun warwatse, duk da cewa lokacin da za a sauya sheka daga farauta da tarawa zuwa noma kasancewar ba a san ainihin abin da ake rayuwa a wannan yanki ba.[16]
Farkon amfani da tukwane yana bayyana kusan 2,000 zuwa 3,000 KZ. An samu tukwane na tukwane, da vases na silinda, da faranti, da gours, da sauran kwalabe da aka yi wa ado da tsagi, da bugu, da wasu nau'ikan dabbobi.[17]
Masarautar Mutanen Espanya
Sunan la costa rica, ma'ana "kyakkyawan bakin teku" a cikin harshen Sipaniya, yana cikin wasu asusun da Christopher Columbus ya fara amfani da shi, wanda ya tashi zuwa gabar tekun Costa Rica ta gabas a lokacin tafiyarsa ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 1502, [18] kuma ya ba da rahoton adadin kayan ado na zinariya da 'yan asalin ke sawa.[19] Wataƙila sunan ya fito ne daga mai mulkin mallaka Gil González Dávila, wanda ya sauka a bakin tekun yamma a shekara ta 1522, ya ci karo da ƴan ƙasar, kuma ya sami wasu zinariyarsu, wani lokaci ta hanyar sata mai tsanani, wani lokacin kuma a matsayin kyauta daga shugabannin yankin.[20]
Wurin tarihi na Ujarrás a cikin kwarin Orosí, lardin Cartago. An gina cocin tsakanin 1686 zuwa 1693.
A lokacin mafi yawan lokacin mulkin mallaka, Costa Rica ita ce lardin kudu mafi kusa na Kyaftin Janar na Guatemala, wanda ba a san shi ba na Mataimakin Mulki na New Spain. Janar na kyaftin ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa a cikin daular Sipaniya. Nisa daga Costa Rica daga babban birnin matsayin kyaftin a Guatemala, haramcinta na doka a ƙarƙashin mercantilist dokar Sipaniya [21]daga kasuwanci tare da makwabciyarta Panama ta kudu, sannan wani ɓangare na Viceroyalty na New Granada (watau Colombia), da rashin albarkatu irin su zinariya da azurfa, ya sa Costa Rica ta zama matalauta, keɓe, da yankin da ba za a iya rayuwa ba a cikin daular Spain. An kwatanta Costa Rica a matsayin "mafi talauci kuma mafi munin mulkin mallaka na Spain a duk Amurka" ta wani gwamnan Spain a 1719.[22]
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