Hijaz

Hijaz kalmar da turanci: The Hejaz (/hiːˈdʒ^[1]æz, hɪˈ-, kuma Amurka: /hɛˈ-/; a Larabci: ٱلْحِجَاز, romanized: al-Ḥijāz, lit. 'the Barrier', Lardin Larabci na Hejazi: [alħɪˈdʒaːz yanki ne wanda ya haɗa da gabar tekun yammacin Saudiyya, wanda ya mamaye biranen na Makka, Madina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif da Baljurashi. Don haka ake kiran shi da "Lardin Yamma", ^[2] kuma tana iyaka da yamma da Tekun Maliya, a arewa da Jordan, a gabas da Najd, a kudu kuma tana iyaka da yankin Asir. ^[3] Babban birninta shine Jeddah, wanda shine birni na biyu mafi girma a Saudi Arabiya, tare da Makka da Madina, bi da bi, shine na hudu da na biyar mafi girma a cikin kasar.^[1]

Hijaz
yankin taswira
Bayanai
Ƙasa	Saudi Arebiya
Wuri
23°30′13″N 40°51′35″E
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Saudi Arebiya
Province of Saudi Arabia (en)	yankin Makka

Hejaz tana da mahimmanci sosai a fagen tarihi da siyasa na Arabo-Islam. Wannan yanki shine mafi yawan jama'a a Saudi Arabia,^[4] kuma Larabci shine yare mafi girma, kamar yadda yake a sauran Saudi Arabiya,a Hejazi Larabci shine yaren da aka fi amfani dashi. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan Hijaz sun samo asali ne daga kabilu daban-daban,^[3] ko da yake mafi yawansu ‘yan asalin Larabawa ne.^[4]

A bisa al'adar Musulunci, wannan yanki shi ne mahaifar annabi Muhammad SAW., wanda aka haife shi a Makka, kakanninsa Ibrahim, Isma'il, da Hajara ne suka kafa shi.^[5]Yankin ya zama wani bangare na daularsa ta hanyar yakukuwan farko na musulmi, kuma ya zama wani bangare na khalifofin da suka biyo baya, na farko Khalifancin khalifa Rashidun, sannan Khalifancin Umayyawa, sannan daga karshe Khalifancin Abbasiyawa. Daular Usmaniyya ta rike wani bangare na iko a yankin; bayan rugujewarta, daular Hejaz mai cin gashin kanta ta wanzu a takaice a cikin shekara ta 1925 kafin makwabciyar masarautar Nejd ta mamaye shi, wanda ya haifar da daular Hejaz da Nejd^[6]. A cikin watan Satumba na 1932, Masarautar Hejaz da Nejd suka shiga cikin masarautar Saudiyya ta Al-Hasa da Qatif, inda suka samar da daular Saudiyya.^[7].

Asali

Sunan yankin ya samo asali ne daga kalmar aikatau ḥajaza (حَجَز), daga tushen larabci ḥj-z (ح-ج-ز), ma'ana "rabe",^[8] kuma ana kiransa kamar yadda ya raba ƙasar. Najd a gabas daga kasar Tihamah a yamma.

Tarihi

Zamanin karnin farko

An sami dolmen megalithic guda ɗaya ko biyu a cikin Hejaz^[9].

Hejaz ta hada da Mahd adh-Dhahab ("Cradle of the Gold") (23°30′13″N 40°51′35″E) da kuma tushen ruwa, wanda yanzu ya bushe, wanda ya kasance yana gudana mil 600 (970) km) arewa maso gabas zuwa Tekun Fasha ta hanyar tsarin Wādi Al-Rummah da Wādi Al-Bātin. Binciken archaeology da Jami'ar Boston da Jami'ar Qassim suka jagoranta ya nuna cewa tsarin kogin yana aiki a 2500-3000 KZ.^[10]

A cewar Al-Masudi yankin arewacin Hejaz ya kasance abin dogaro ne na tsohuwar Isra’ila^[11], kuma a cewar Butrus al-Bustani Yahudawan da ke Hejaz sun kafa kasa mai cin gashin kanta.^[12] Masanin gabacin Jamus Ferdinand Wüstenfeld ya yi imanin cewa Yahudawa sun kafa daula a arewacin Hejaz.^[13] Madayanawa na Littafi Mai Tsarki sun zauna a Hejaz.^[14] Yankin arewacin Hejaz wani yanki ne na lardin Larabawa na Romawa na Petraea.^[15]

Zamanin Annabi Ibrahim da Isma'il

A cewar majiyoyin Larabawa da na Musulunci, wayewar Makka ta fara ne bayan da Ibrahim (AS.) ya kawo dansa Isma’il (AS.) da matarsa ​​Hajar (Hagar) a nan, domin su zauna. Adnaniyawa wata ƙungiya ce ta ƙabilu na Larabawa, waɗanda suka samo asali tun daga Isma’il (AS.) ɗan annabi Ibrahim (AS.) da matarsa ​​Hajara, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Hijaz^[16]. Wasu daga kabilar Jurhum ta Yaman sun zauna tare da su, kuma an ruwaito Isma’il ya auri mata biyu, daya bayan ya sake wata, akalla daya daga cikin su daga wannan kabilar, kuma ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa wajen sake gina Ka’aba ,^[17] wanda zai kasance yana da tasirin zamantakewa, addini, siyasa da tarihi ga shafi da yanki.^[18]

Misali, a akidar Larabawa ko ta Musulunci, kabilar Kuraishawa ta fito ne daga zuriyar Isma’il bn Ibrahim, wadda ta kasance a kusa da dakin Ka’aba^[19], sannan ta hada da Muhammad bn Abdullah bn Abdul-Muttalib bn Hashim bn Abd Manaf. . Daga Zamanin Jahiliyyah ('Jahiliyya') har zuwa zamanin Muhammadu (SAW.), kabilun Larabawa masu yawan fada a lokacin aikin Hajji za su daina yakarsu a lokacin aikin Hajji, su tafi aikin hajji a Makka, kamar yadda akka yiwa Ibrahim (AS.) wahayi ^[20]. A irin wannan lokaci ne Muhammadu (SAW.) ya gamu da wasu Madanai wadanda za su ba shi damar yin hijira zuwa Madina, saboda gudun fitinar abokan adawarsa a Makka.^[21]

Zamanin Annabi Saleh

Cibiyar Al'adun gargajiya ta Saudiyya da Hejaz ta farko da Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita ce ta Al-Hijr. Sunan Al-Ḥijr ("Ƙasar Duwatsu" ko "Gidan Dutse") ya zo a cikin kur'ani,^[22] kuma wurin ya shahara da yin gine-gine da aka sassaƙa a cikin duwatsu, kamar Petra.^[23] Gine-ginen mutanen Samudawa ne. Ana kuma kiran wurin da sunan Madāʾin Sāliḥ ("Biranen Saleh (AS.)"),^[24] kamar yadda ake kyautata zaton garin ne da aka aiko da annabin Musulunci Saleh (AS.) a cikinsa. zuwa ga mutanen Samudawa. Bayan bacewar Samudawa daga Mada'in Saleh, ta shiga karkashin ikon wasu mutane, kamar Nabataean, wanda babban birninsu shi ne Petra. Daga baya kuma, ta kasance a hanyar da Mahajjata musulmi, inda suke amfani da ita zuwa Makka.^[25]

Zamanin Annabi Muhammadu SAW.

A matsayin kasar Makka^[26] da Madina,^[27] Hijaz ita ce inda aka haifi Muhammadu (SAW.), kuma a nan ne ya kafa al’ummar mabiya tauhidi, ya yi hakuri da makiyansa ko ya yi yaki da su, ya yi hijira daga gare su. wani wuri zuwa wani, wa'azi ko aiwatar da imaninsa, ya rayu kuma ya mutu. Ganin cewa yana da mabiya da makiya a nan, an yi yaqe-yaqe da dama a wannan yanki, kamar na Al-Ahzāb ("Kungiyoyin") da Badar da kuma Ḥunay. Sun hada da Sahabbai Makka duka, kamar Hamza bn Abdil-Muttalib, Ubayda bn al-Harith da Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas, da Sahabbai Madani^[27][28]. Hijaz ta fada karkashin ikon Muhammad (SAW.) yayin da ya yi nasara a kan abokan adawarsa, don haka Ta kasance wani bangare na daularsa.^[29]

Tarihi mai zuwa

Bayan kawo karshen mulkin daular Usmaniy

Saboda kasancewar garuruwa biyu masu tsarki a cikin Hejaz, yankin ya kasance karkashin dauloli masu yawa. Hejaz ta kasance a tsakiyar Khalifancin Rashidun, musamman yayin da babban birninta shine Madina daga 632 zuwa 656 AD. A lokacin yankin ya kasance karkashin ikon manyan kasashen yankin, kamar Masar da Daular Usmaniyya, a tsawon tarihinsa na baya. Bayan da Ottoman ya rasa ikonsa, Hejaz ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta.

Takaitaccen 'yancin kai

A shekara ta 1916, Hussein bin Ali ya zama shugaban Hejaz mai cin gashin kanta.^[30] A shekarar 1924, Ali bin Hussein ya gaje shi a matsayin Sarkin Hijaz. Sannan Ibn Saud ya gaji Hussaini a matsayin Sarkin Hijaz da Nejd. Ibn Saud ya mulki su biyun a matsayin raka'o'i daban-daban, wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Hejaz da Nejd daga 1926 zuwa 1932.

A ranar 23 ga Satumbar 1932 ne aka hade dauloli biyu na Hejaz da Nejd a matsayin daular Saudiyya.^[30] Ana tunawa da wannan rana a matsayin ranar kasar Saudiyya.^[31]

Al'adu

Addini

Tsarin al'adun Hijaz yana da matukar tasiri da na Musulunci, musamman kasancewar yana dauke da garuruwansa 2 mafi tsarki, Makka da Madina. Haka kuma, ana daukar kur'ani a matsayin tsarin mulkin Saudiyya, kuma babban tushen shari'a. A kasar Saudiyya, Musulunci ba wai kawai gwamnati ta yi riko da shi a siyasance ba, har ma yana da matukar tasiri ga al'adun mutane da rayuwar yau da kullum.^[32] Al'umma gabaɗaya tana da zurfin addini, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, al'ada, da tushen iyali. Halaye da al'adu da dama sun dade da shekaru aru-aru, sun samo asali ne daga wayewar Larabawa da al'adun Musulunci.

Abinci

Abincin Hijazi ya hada da yawancin abincin Larabawa kamar sauran Saudi Arabiya, kamar Saleeg.^[33]An shigo da sauran abinci daga wasu al'adu ta hanyar Saudiyya masu asali daban-daban, kamar Mantu, Yaghmush da Ruz Bukhāri daga Asiya ta Tsakiya, Burēk da Šurēk Shrik da Kabab almīru daga Turkiyya da kuma Balkans, Mandi da Mutabbag daga Yemen, Biriyani da Kabli shinkafa daga Kudancin Asiya. Gasashen nama irin su shawarma da kebab sananne ne a cikin Hejaz. An san kayan abinci na Hejazi da kayan yaji.

Jogarafi

Yankin yana kusa da Teku. Hakanan an santa da duhun yashi mai aman wuta. Dangane da ma'anar da ta gabata, Hejaz ya haɗa da wasu tsaunuka na kewayon Sarat, waɗanda ke raba Najd da Tehamah. Tsire-tsire Bdellium kuma suna da yawa a cikin Hejaz. Saudi Arabiya, musamman Hejaz, gida ne ga aman wuta sama da 2000.^[34] Filayen Lava a cikin Hejaz, wanda aka sani a gida da sunan Larabci na ḥarrāt (حَرَّات, maɗaukaki: ḥarrah (حَرَّة)), sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na basalt alkali mafi girma a Duniya, wanda ya mamaye kusan 180,000 km2 (69,000 sq mi), yanki mafi girma fiye da jihar. Missouri.^[35]

Tutoci

Guraren bude ido na duniya.

A matsayin wani bangare na Saudi Vision 2030, wurin yawon shakatawa mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 28,000 (kilomita murabba'in 11,000) yana ci gaba,^[36] tsakanin garuruwan Umluj (25°3′0″N 37°15′54.36″E) ) da Al-Wajh (26°14′11.76″ N 36°28′8.04″E), a bakin Bahar Maliya. Aikin zai ƙunshi "haɓaka 22 daga cikin tsibiran 90+"[67] waɗanda ke kwance a bakin tekun don ƙirƙirar "cikakkiyar maƙasudin alatu mai hade-haɗe", ^[37]kuma "dokoki za su gudanar da su daidai da na duniya. Ma'auni".^[38]

Yawan Al'umma

Hejaz shi ne yanki mafi yawan jama'a a Saudi Arabia, ^[39] yana dauke da kashi 35% na yawan jama'ar Saudiyya.^[40] Galibin mutanen Hejaz 'yan Sunna ne tare da 'yan Shi'a tsiraru a garuruwan Madina, Makka da Jeddah. Mutane da yawa suna ganin sun fi kowa girma a duniya saboda Hejaz ya kasance wani bangare na manyan daulolin Musulunci tun daga Umayyawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya^[41]. Mutanen Hejaz, wadanda suke jin suna da alaka da wuraren tsarki na Makka da Madina, watakila su ne suka fi karfin bayyana asalin kowace kungiya a Saudiyya.^[42]

Hotuna

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