UNICEF
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[1]An kirkiro UNICEF ne a shekarar alif dari Tara da arba'in da shidda 1946 domin samar da agaji ga yara a kasashen da yakin duniya na biyu ya lalata. [2]Bayan shekarar lif ta 1950 asusun ya ba da himma zuwa ga shirye-shiryen gama gari don inganta jin daɗin yara, musamman a ƙasashe waɗanda ba su ci gaba ba da kuma cikin yanayi na gaggawa.[3][4] Babban aikin kungiyar ya bayyana a cikin sunan da ta karba a shekarar alif ta 1953, Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya[5]. An bai wa UNICEF[6]
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UNICEF ta mayar da hankali sosai da ƙoƙari a fannonin da dama da kashe kudin da zai iya yin tasiri ga rayuwar yara ƙanana da ke cikin mawuyacin hali, kamar rigakafi da maganin cututtuka. Dangane da wannan dabarar, UNICEF na tallafawa shirye-shiryen rigakafi don cututtukan yara da shirye-shirye don hana bazuwar HIV / AIDS; tana kuma samar da kuɗaɗe don ayyukan kiwon lafiya, wuraren ilimi, da sauran ayyukan jin dadi. [7]Tun daga shekarar alif ta1996 aka tsara shirye-shiryen UNICEF ta Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro a shekarar alif ta (1989), [8]wanda ke tabbatar da haƙƙin yara duka "jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar. .[9]” Ayyukan UNICEF suna samun tallafi daga gudummawar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu.[10][11]
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Tarihi da tsarawa[12]
Ƙirƙira[gyara tushe]
Tun a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1943, Ludwik Rajchman kwararre a fannin kiwon lafiya dan kasar Poland ya ba da shawara a wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Free World mai take "A Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sabis na Lafiya—Me ya sa?" cewa ya kamata a shigar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a cikin ƙungiyar duniya ta gaba. Ya kuma ba da shawarar “harajin lafiya” da kasashe mambobin kungiyar ke biya.[13]
A rusasshiyar 1948 na Hukumar Ba da Agaji da Rehabilitation ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRRA), Rajchman ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da ragowar kuɗaɗensa don shirin ciyar da yara masu cin gajiyar tallafin Amurka.[14] An kirkiro kungiyar ne ta hanyar kuduri mai lamba 57(I) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1946 kuma aka sanya wa suna Asusun Tallafawa Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF). A matsayinsa na shugaban farko, Rajchman ya zaɓi Maurice Pate na Hukumar Ba da Agaji a Belgium don jagorantar hukumar kuma "domin yin tunani game da shirya wani aiki, asusu don amfanin yara, waɗanda ke fama da yaƙi." Daga hukumar ba da agajin gaggawa ta wucin gadi a cikin 1946 tana ba da abinci da sutura ga yara da uwayen da yakin duniya na biyu ya raba da muhallansu, hukumar ta zama Kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dindindin a 1953, [15] kuma ta mika kokarinta ga shirye-shiryen jin dadin yara na gaba daya.
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Jagoranci
UNICEF ta dogara ga ofisoshin kasa don taimakawa wajen gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar wani shiri na musamman na hadin gwiwa da aka samar tare da gwamnatin mai masaukin baki. Shirye-shiryen na neman samar da dabaru masu amfani don cika da kare hakkin yara da mata. Ofisoshin yanki suna jagorantar wannan aikin kuma suna ba da taimakon fasaha ga ofisoshin ƙasa kamar yadda ake buƙata. Gabaɗaya gudanarwa da gudanarwa na ƙungiyar yana gudana ne a hedkwatarta da ke birnin New York.
Jagora da sa ido kan dukkan ayyukan UNICEF kwamitin zartarwa ne wanda ya kunshi mambobi 36 wadanda ke wakiltar gwamnati. Hukumar ta kafa manufofi, amincewa da shirye-shirye da yanke shawara akan tsare-tsaren gudanarwa da kudi da kasafin kuɗi. Ofishin ne ke gudanar da aikinsa, wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa da mataimakan shugaban kasa hudu, kowane jami’in da ke wakiltar daya daga cikin kungiyoyin yanki biyar. Hukumomin zartaswa ne ke zabar wadannan jami’ai guda biyar a duk shekara daga cikin mambobinta, inda fadar shugaban kasa ke karba-karba a tsakanin kungiyoyin yankin a kowace shekara. A bisa al'ada, membobin dindindin na kwamitin sulhu ba sa aiki a matsayin jami'an hukumar zartaswa.
Ofishin sakataren hukumar zartaswa yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da kyakyawar alaka tsakanin hukumar gudanarwa da sakatariyar UNICEF, da kuma shirya ziyarce-ziyarce ta mambobin hukumar.[16][17]
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Komiti na kasa
Akwai kwamitoci na kasa a kasashe 34, kowanne an kafa su a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta. Babban aikinsu shi ne tara kudade daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, saboda UNICEF ta dogara kacokan ga gudummawar son rai.[18] Kwamitocin kasa baki daya sun dauki kusan kashi daya bisa uku na kudaden shigar hukumar a duk shekara, wadanda suka hada da kamfanoni, kungiyoyin farar hula, kusan masu ba da agaji miliyan shida a duniya.
Tallatawa da hanyoyin samun kudin shiga
A Amurka, Nepal da wasu kasashe, UNICEF ta yi suna da shirinta na "Trick-Or-Treat for UNICEF" inda yara ke karbar kudi ga UNICEF daga gidajen da suke yaudare da su a daren Halloween, wani lokacin maimakon alewa. An dakatar da shirin a Kanada a shekara ta 2006.[19]
UNICEF tana cikin ƙasashe da yankuna 191 na duniya, amma ba ta da hannu cikin wasu tara (Bahamas, Brunei, Cyprus, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Malta, Mauritius, Monaco, Singapore, da Taiwan).[20]
Mutane da yawa a kasashen da suka ci gaba sun fara jin labarin ayyukan UNICEF ta hanyar ayyukan daya daga cikin kwamitocin kasa 36 na UNICEF. Wadannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) sune ke da alhakin tattara kudade, sayar da katunan gaisuwa da kayayyaki na UNICEF, samar da haɗin gwiwar masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin yara, da kuma ba da wasu tallafi. Asusun Amurka na UNICEF shine mafi tsufa a cikin kwamitocin ƙasa, wanda aka kafa a 1946.[21]
A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2007, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa na Luxembourg an nada shi babban mai ba da shawara ga yara na UNICEF [22] a cikin rawar da ta ziyarci Brazil (2007), [23] China (2008), [24] da Burundi (2009).[25]A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2007, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa na Luxembourg an nada shi babban mai ba da shawara ga yara na UNICEF [26]a cikin rawar da ta ziyarci Brazil (2007),[27] China (2008), [28] da Burundi (2009).[29]
A cikin 2009, Tesco dillalin Burtaniya ya yi amfani da "Change for Good" a matsayin talla, wanda UNICEF ta yi masa alamar kasuwanci don amfanin sadaka amma ba don kasuwanci ko kasuwanci ba. Wannan ne ya sa hukumar ta ce, "Wannan shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Unicef da wata kungiya ta kasuwanci da gangan ta yi niyyar cin gajiyar daya daga cikin kamfen dinmu sannan daga bisani ta lalata hanyar samun kudin shiga wanda da dama daga cikin shirye-shiryenmu na yara suka dogara da shi". Sun ci gaba da yin kira ga jama'a "wadanda ke da zuciyar jin dadin yara, da su yi la'akari da wadanda suke goyon baya yayin zabar masu amfani"[30][31]. "Change for Good" kuma yana samun tallafin kamfanin jirgin saman Qantas na Australiya, yana dogaro da fasinjoji don tara kuɗi ta hanyar ambulaf ɗin da aka bayar tun 1991, kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 36, tare da sama da kilogiram 19,500 na tsabar kudi kowace shekara.[32] Masu taɗi akai-akai kuma za su iya fanshi maki mil don ba da gudummawa.[33] Norman Gillespie, babban jami'in UNICEF na Australia, ya ce "Idan kowane fasinja na Qantas da ke balaguro cikin gida ya ba mu 'yan kaɗan daga cikin kuɗin da aka manta da su a duk lokacin da suka yi balaguro, hakan zai haifar da ɗan bambanci ga zamaninsu, amma duniya ta bambanta wajen ceton rayukan yara."[34]
Wannan Muƙalar guntuwa ce: tana buƙatar a inganta ta, kuna iya gyara ta.
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