Ceres

Ceres
	Ceres ke chhaapa, jaise Dawn spacecraft, May 2015; me utaris rahaa. Iske surface e dui bright spots hae;; Haulani right me aur Oxo left me
Discovery
Discovered by	Giuseppe Piazzi
Discovery date	1 January 1801
Designations
MPC designation	1 Ceres
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪəriːz/, SEER-eez
Named after	Cerēs
Minor planet category	dwarf planet; asteroid;
Adjectives	Cererian, -ean (/sɪˈrɪəriən/)
Symbol
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch 21 January 2022 (JD 2459600.5)
Aphelion	2.98 AU (446 million km)
Perihelion	2.55 AU (381 million km)
Semi-major axis	2.77 AU (414 million km)
Eccentricity	0.0785
Orbital period (sidereal)	4.6 yr; 1680 d;
Orbital period (synodic)	1.28 yr; 466.6 d;
Average orbital speed	17.9 km/s
Mean anomaly	291.4°
Inclination	10.6° to ecliptic; 9.20° to invariable plane;
Longitude of ascending node	80.3°
Time of perihelion	7 December 2022
Argument of perihelion	73.6°
Satellites	None
Proper orbital elements
Proper semi-major axis	2.77 AU
Proper eccentricity	0.116
Proper inclination	9.65°
Proper mean motion	78.2 deg / yr
Proper orbital period	4.60358 yr; (1681.458 d)
Precession of perihelion	54.1 arcsec / yr
Precession of the ascending node	−59.2 arcsec / yr
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	(966.2 × 962.0 × 891.8); ± 0.2 km
Mean diameter	939.4±0.2 km
Surface area	2,772,368 km2
Volume	434,000,000 km3
Mass	9.3839×1020 kg; 0.00016 Earths; 0.0128 Moons;
Mean density	2.1616±0.0025 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity	0.284 m/s2 (0.0290 g0)
Moment of inertia factor	0.36±0.15
Equatorial escape velocity	Template:V2 km/s 1141 mph
Sidereal rotation period	9.074170±0.000001 h
Equatorial rotation velocity	92.61 m/s
Axial tilt	≈4°
North pole right ascension	291.42744°
North pole declination	66.76033°
Geometric albedo	0.090±0.0033 (V-band)
Spectral type	C
Apparent magnitude	7.6; 9.27 July 2021;
Absolute magnitude (H)	3.34
Angular diameter	0.854″ to 0.339″

Ceres (minor-planet designation: 1 Ceres), Mars aur Jupiter ke biich me, asteroid belt ke biich me ek bauna grah hae. Ii sab se pahila jaane waala asteroid hae, jiske 1 January 1801 me Giuseppe Piazzi, Palermo Astronomical Observatory, Sicily me discover karis rahaa, aur iske ek namwaa grah batais rahaa. Ceres ke baad me ek asteroid classify karaa gais rahaa aur iske baad ek bauna grah, khaaki ek banua grah jon Neptune ke orbit se duur nai hae.

[1]
Schmadel, Lutz (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names (5th ed.). Germany: Springer. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA15. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
[2]
"On The New Planet Ceres" (in en). A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts. 1802. https://books.google.com/books?id=81_YWtSQUhcC&pg=PA52. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
[3]
Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). "The solar system's invariable plane". Astronomy & Astrophysics 543: 11. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219011. A133.
[4]
"AstDyS-2 Ceres Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
[5]
Ermakov, A. I.; Fu, R. R.; Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Raymond, C. A.; Park, R. S.; Preusker, F.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E. et al. (November 2017). "Constraints on Ceres' Internal Structure and Evolution From Its Shape and Gravity Measured by the Dawn Spacecraft". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 122 (11): 2267–2293. doi:10.1002/2017JE005302.
[6]
Park, R.S.; Vaughan, A.T.; Konopliv, A.S.; Ermakov, A.I.; Mastrodemos, N.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C.; Joy, S.P.; Nathues, A. et al. (February 2019). "High-resolution shape model of Ceres from stereophotoclinometry using Dawn Imaging Data". Icarus 319: 812–827. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.10.024.
[7]
Mao, X.; McKinnon, W. B. (2018). "Faster paleospin and deep-seated uncompensated mass as possible explanations for Ceres' present-day shape and gravity". Icarus 299: 430–442. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.033.
[8]
Konopliv, A.S.; Park, R.S.; Vaughan, A.T.; Bills, B.G.; Asmar, S.W.; Ermakov, A.I.; Rambaux, N.; Raymond, C.A. et al. (2018). "The Ceres gravity field, spin pole, rotation period and orbit from the Dawn radiometric tracking and optical data". Icarus 299: 411–429. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.005.
[9]
"Asteroid Ceres P_constants (PcK) SPICE kernel file". NASA Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
[10]
Tosi, F.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2015). "Surface temperature of dwarf planet Ceres: Preliminary results from Dawn". 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 11960. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711960T/abstract. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
[11]
Rivkin, A. S.; Volquardsen, E. L.; Clark, B. E. (2006). "The surface composition of Ceres: Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays". Icarus 185 (2): 563–567. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.022. http://irtfweb.ifa.hawaii.edu/~elv/icarus185.563.pdf. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
[12]
King, Bob (5 August 2015). "Let's Get Serious About Ceres". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 25 July 2022.

Calculated based on known parameters:
- Surface area: 4πr²
- Surface gravity: Template:Sfrac
- Escape velocity: Template:Sqrt
- Rotation velocity: Template:Sfrac

Quick facts Discovery, Discovered by ...

[1] [1]
Schmadel, Lutz (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names (5th ed.). Germany: Springer. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=KWrB1jPCa8AC&pg=PA15. Retrieved 21 January 2021.

[2] [2]
"On The New Planet Ceres" (in en). A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts. 1802. https://books.google.com/books?id=81_YWtSQUhcC&pg=PA52. Retrieved 29 May 2022.

[Souami_Souchay_2012-3] [3]
Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). "The solar system's invariable plane". Astronomy & Astrophysics 543: 11. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219011. A133.

[Ceres-POE-4] [4]
"AstDyS-2 Ceres Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.

[Ermakov2017-5] [5]
Ermakov, A. I.; Fu, R. R.; Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Raymond, C. A.; Park, R. S.; Preusker, F.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E. et al. (November 2017). "Constraints on Ceres' Internal Structure and Evolution From Its Shape and Gravity Measured by the Dawn Spacecraft". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 122 (11): 2267–2293. doi:10.1002/2017JE005302.

[Park2018-7] [6]
Park, R.S.; Vaughan, A.T.; Konopliv, A.S.; Ermakov, A.I.; Mastrodemos, N.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C.; Joy, S.P.; Nathues, A. et al. (February 2019). "High-resolution shape model of Ceres from stereophotoclinometry using Dawn Imaging Data". Icarus 319: 812–827. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.10.024.

[Mao2018-8] [7]
Mao, X.; McKinnon, W. B. (2018). "Faster paleospin and deep-seated uncompensated mass as possible explanations for Ceres' present-day shape and gravity". Icarus 299: 430–442. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.033.

[Icarus2017-9] [8]
Konopliv, A.S.; Park, R.S.; Vaughan, A.T.; Bills, B.G.; Asmar, S.W.; Ermakov, A.I.; Rambaux, N.; Raymond, C.A. et al. (2018). "The Ceres gravity field, spin pole, rotation period and orbit from the Dawn radiometric tracking and optical data". Icarus 299: 411–429. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.005.

[SPICE-10] [9]
"Asteroid Ceres P_constants (PcK) SPICE kernel file". NASA Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2019.

[11] [10]
Tosi, F.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2015). "Surface temperature of dwarf planet Ceres: Preliminary results from Dawn". 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 11960. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1711960T/abstract. Retrieved 25 May 2021.

[Rivkin2006-12] [11]
Rivkin, A. S.; Volquardsen, E. L.; Clark, B. E. (2006). "The surface composition of Ceres: Discovery of carbonates and iron-rich clays". Icarus 185 (2): 563–567. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.022. http://irtfweb.ifa.hawaii.edu/~elv/icarus185.563.pdf. Retrieved 8 December 2007.

[skyand-13] [12]
King, Bob (5 August 2015). "Let's Get Serious About Ceres". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 25 July 2022.

[known_parameters-6] Calculated based on known parameters:
Surface area: 4πr²

Surface gravity: Template:Sfrac

Escape velocity: Template:Sqrt

Rotation velocity: Template:Sfrac

[14] Surface area: 4πr²

[15] Surface gravity: Template:Sfrac

[16] Escape velocity: Template:Sqrt

[17] Rotation velocity: Template:Sfrac

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