Satranj

Satranj (Chess) ek rakam ke board game game hae jiske dui khilarri khele hae. Iske ek sqaure board pe khela jaawe hae jisme 64 chhota chhota square rahe hae aur ek side me aath square rahe hae. Ek khilaarri solah (16) gutti: aath Sipahi (Chess Pawn), dui Ghorraa (Chess Knight), dui ChessBishop, dui Haanthi (Chess Rook), ek Raja (Chess King) aur ek Rani (Chess Queen)) rahe hae. Ii game ke jiite ke khatir ek khilaarri ke virodhi khilaarri ke Raja ke pakrre ke kosis kare ke hae.

Chess

Staunton chess set ke gutti , Left to right: ujjar king, kariyaa rook, kariyaa queen, ujjar pawn, kariyaa knight, ujjar bishop
Years active	c. 1475 se abhi talak[1] (predecessors c. 900 saal pahile)
Genres	Board game Abstract strategy game Mind sport
Players	2
Chance	None
Skills	Strategy, tactics
Synonyms	International chess Western chess

A chess set, at the start of the game. In an official chess game, a clock is used because players are given a certain length of time to plan each move.

Ek khilaarri ke gutti maddhim rang (jaada kar ke ujjar) aur dusra khilaarri ke gutti tej rang (jaise ke karia) rahe hae.

Satranj ke likha gais itihaas, pahile jaae hae jab chaturanga suruu bhas rahaa — jiske similar games like Janggi, xiangqi and shogi—in seventh-century India ke ancestor sanjhaa jaae hae. Jab iske Persia me introduce karaa gais, tab ii Arbii dunia me faela aur fir Europe gais. Satranj ke modern rules Europe me 15th century me banaawa gais rahaa, aur 19th century ke ant talak ii rules ke standardize kar dewa gais rahaa. Abhi, satranj dunia ke sab se mashuur khel me se ek hae, jiske dunia bhas me millions khele hae.

19th century se satranj organised rakam se khelaa jaawe lagaa rahaa. Ajj-kal ke satranj ke mukaabla ke internationally FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the International Chess Federation govern kare hae. Dunia ke pahila recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, ii title ke 1886 me clain karis rahaa; Gukesh Dommaraju abi ke World Champion hae, jon ii title ke 2024 me jiitis hae.

Satranj ke baare me dher book likha gais hae. Satranj me art bhi mile hae aur iske asar Western sankriti me rahaa hae aur duusra field jaise computer science, psychology, aur mathematics. Computer scientists suruu se satran khele sake waala machine ke banae ke kosis karat rahin. 1997 me Deep Blue chess computer, pahila computer rahaa jon ek insaan, Gary KAsparov ke harais rahaa. Aaj-kal chess engine isaan se bahut achchhaa chess khel le hae, lekin satranj ke abhi talak sove nai karaa jaae sakaa hae.

Satranj ke niyam

Satranj ke niyam ke FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs; "International Chess Federation"), satranj ke dunia bhar ke governing body, uske Handbook me.^[2] Kabh-kabhi jon niyam ke koi des ke governing body publish kare hae, jiske uu sanstha pulish kare hae jon DIDE ke member bai hae, nai to commercial pulishers publish kare hae, FIDE ke niyam se different rahe sake hae.

Setup

Setup at the start of a chess game

Satranj ke gutti dher rakam ke rahe hae, lekin Staunton pattern ke sab se jaada kaam me laawa jaawe hae, aur ii competition ke khaatir jaruri rahe hae. ^[3] Satranj ke sets me dui rang ke pieces rahe hae, jiske jaada kar ke white and black bola jaae hae, aslii rang chaahe koi bhi rahe. Har ek set me 16 gutti duuno rang me rahe hae: ek king, ek queen, dui rooks, dui bishops, dui knights, aur aath pawns.^[2]

Khel ke ek square board jisme aath rows (jiske ranka bola jaawe hae) aur aath columns (jiske files bola jaawe hae) rahe hae. Jab ki iiske game pe koi asar nai rahe hae, 64 squares rang me alternate hoe hae aur iske light aur dark squares bola jaawe hae.^[2]

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Initial position: first row: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook; second row: pawns

Khel ke suruwaat me Ujjar gutti ke pahila rank me ii order me, left se right, rakkhaa jaawe hae: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. Pawns ke duusra rank ke sab square me rakkhaa jaawe hae. Black ke gutti ke position, White ke mirror image rahae hae.^[2] Satranj ke board ke ii rakam se ghumae ke rakkhaa jaae hae, ki duuno khilaarri ke right-hand corner ek light square rahe hae; iske kaaran white queen sab time light square me rahe hae, jab black queen dark square me rakkhaa jaae hae . Iske ii pharse se yaad karaa jaawe hae "ujjar right me" aur "queen uske rang per".^[4]

Khel me khilaarri ke rang ke organizers allocate kare hae. Informal khel me rand ke apne se baat-chiit kar ke, nai to randomly, jaise ek coin ke toss kar ke, nai to ek khilaarri ek ujjar pawn aur ek kariyaa pawn ke aapan piche lukaae hae aur opponent gues kare hae ki kon rang kon haanth me hae.

Movement

White moves first, after which players alternate turns. One piece is moved per turn (except when castling, during which two pieces are moved). In the diagrams, dots mark the squares to which each type of piece can move if unoccupied by friendly pieces and there are no intervening piece(s) of either color (except the knight, which leaps over any intervening pieces). With the sole exception of en passant, a piece captures an enemy piece by moving to the square it occupies, removing it from play and taking its place. The pawn is the only piece that does not capture the way it moves, and it is the only piece that moves and captures in only one direction (forwards from the player's perspective). A piece is said to control empty squares on which it could capture, attack squares with enemy pieces it could capture, and defend squares with pieces of the same color on which it could recapture. Moving is compulsory; a player may not skip a turn, even when having to move is detrimental.

Moves of the king a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Moves of a rook a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Moves of a bishop a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Moves of a queen a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Moves of a knight a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Moves of a pawn a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h