Satranj

Satranj (Chess) ek rakam ke board game game hae jiske dui khilarri khele hae. Iske ek sqaure board pe khela jaawe hae jisme 64 chhota chhota square rahe hae aur ek side me aath square rahe hae. Ek khilaarri solah (16) gutti: aath Sipahi (Chess Pawn), dui Ghorraa (Chess Knight), dui ChessBishop, dui Haanthi (Chess Rook), ek Raja (Chess King) aur ek Rani (Chess Queen)) rahe hae. Ii game ke jiite ke khatir ek khilaarri ke virodhi khilaarri ke Raja ke pakrre ke kosis kare ke hae.

Chess

Staunton chess set ke gutti , Left se right: ujjar king, kariyaa rook, kariyaa queen, ujjar pawn, kariyaa knight, ujjar bishop
Years active	c. 1475 se abhi talak[1] (predecessors c. 900 saal pahile)
Genres	Board game Abstract strategy game Mind sport
Players	2
Chance	None
Skills	Strategy, tactics
Synonyms	International chess Western chess

Ek chess set, khel ke suruwaat me. Ek official chess game me, ek gharri ke kaam me laawa jaawe hae, kaaheki khilaarri ke kuch time dewa jaawe hae move ke plan kare ke khaatir.

Ek khilaarri ke gutti maddhim rang (jaada kar ke ujjar) aur dusra khilaarri ke gutti tej rang (jaise ke karia) rahe hae.

Satranj ke likha gais itihaas, pahile jaae hae jab chaturanga suruu bhas rahaa — jiske similar games like Janggi, xiangqi and shogi—in seventh-century India ke ancestor sanjhaa jaae hae. Jab iske Persia me introduce karaa gais, tab ii Arbii dunia me faela aur fir Europe gais. Satranj ke modern rules Europe me 15th century me banaawa gais rahaa, aur 19th century ke ant talak ii rules ke standardize kar dewa gais rahaa. Abhi, satranj dunia ke sab se mashuur khel me se ek hae, jiske dunia bhas me millions khele hae.

19th century se satranj organised rakam se khelaa jaawe lagaa rahaa. Ajj-kal ke satranj ke mukaabla ke internationally FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the International Chess Federation govern kare hae. Dunia ke pahila recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, ii title ke 1886 me clain karis rahaa; Gukesh Dommaraju abi ke World Champion hae, jon ii title ke 2024 me jiitis hae.

Satranj ke baare me dher book likha gais hae. Satranj me art bhi mile hae aur iske asar Western sankriti me rahaa hae aur duusra field jaise computer science, psychology, aur mathematics. Computer scientists suruu se satran khele sake waala machine ke banae ke kosis karat rahin. 1997 me Deep Blue chess computer, pahila computer rahaa jon ek insaan, Gary KAsparov ke harais rahaa. Aaj-kal chess engine isaan se bahut achchhaa chess khel le hae, lekin satranj ke abhi talak sove nai karaa jaae sakaa hae.

Satranj ke niyam

Satranj ke niyam ke FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs; "International Chess Federation"), satranj ke dunia bhar ke governing body, uske Handbook me.^[2] Kabh-kabhi jon niyam ke koi des ke governing body publish kare hae, jiske uu sanstha pulish kare hae jon DIDE ke member bai hae, nai to commercial pulishers publish kare hae, FIDE ke niyam se different rahe sake hae.

Setup

Satranj ke khel ke suruwaat ke setup

Satranj ke gutti dher rakam ke rahe hae, lekin Staunton pattern ke sab se jaada kaam me laawa jaawe hae, aur ii competition ke khaatir jaruri rahe hae. ^[3] Satranj ke sets me dui rang ke pieces rahe hae, jiske jaada kar ke white and black bola jaae hae, aslii rang chaahe koi bhi rahe. Har ek set me 16 gutti duuno rang me rahe hae: ek king, ek queen, dui rooks, dui bishops, dui knights, aur aath pawns.^[2]

Khel ke ek square board jisme aath rows (jiske ranka bola jaawe hae) aur aath columns (jiske files bola jaawe hae) rahe hae. Jab ki iiske game pe koi asar nai rahe hae, 64 squares rang me alternate hoe hae aur iske light aur dark squares bola jaawe hae.^[2]

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Initial position: first row: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook; second row: pawns

Khel ke suruwaat me Ujjar gutti ke pahila rank me ii order me, left se right, rakkhaa jaawe hae: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. Pawns ke duusra rank ke sab square me rakkhaa jaawe hae. Black ke gutti ke position, White ke mirror image rahae hae.^[2] Satranj ke board ke ii rakam se ghumae ke rakkhaa jaae hae, ki duuno khilaarri ke right-hand corner ek light square rahe hae; iske kaaran white queen sab time light square me rahe hae, jab black queen dark square me rakkhaa jaae hae . Iske ii pharse se yaad karaa jaawe hae "ujjar right me" aur "queen uske rang per".^[4]

Khel me khilaarri ke rang ke organizers allocate kare hae. Informal khel me rand ke apne se baat-chiit kar ke, nai to randomly, jaise ek coin ke toss kar ke, nai to ek khilaarri ek ujjar pawn aur ek kariyaa pawn ke aapan piche lukaae hae aur opponent gues kare hae ki kon rang kon haanth me hae.

Movement

Ujjar gutti waala khilaarri pahile chale hae, aur iske baar duuni khilaarri baari baari se chale hae. Har ek turn me ek gutti ke move karaa jaawe hae (castling ke chhorr ke, jisme dui gutti ke move karaa jaawe hae.) Chhaapa me, dots dekhae hae squares jahaan pe har ek rakam ke gutti move kare sake hae jab uu sqaure me aapan rang ke koi gutti nai hae aur biich me koi gutti nai hae, koi bhi rabg ke (knight ke chhorr ke, jon biich waala gutti ke uppar se kuud jaawe hae). En passant ke chhorr ke, ek gutti, ek dusman ke gutti ke capture kare hae, uske square me jaae ke, dusamn ke gutti ke hatae ke aapan gutti uu square pe rakh de hae. Pawn khaali ek gutti hae jon aapan chale waala dhang se capture nai kare hae. Ii bola jaawe hae ki ek gutti ek khaali square ke control kare hae jisme uuu capture kare sake hae, square jime dusman ke gutti hae ke attack kare sake hae aur aapan rang ke gitti ke defend kare sake hae . Aapan turn pe move karna jaruri hae aur ek khilaarri aapan turn ke skip nai kare sake hae , agar move kare me khaali barbaadi hae tab bhi.

Raja ke move a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Rook ke move a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Bishop ke move a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Queen ke move a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Knight ke move a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

Pawn ke move a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h

• Raja, ek square, koi disaa me move hoe hae. Ek khaas move bhi hae, jiske castling bola jaawe hae jisme duuno raja aur rook ke move karaa jaawe hae. Raja sab se kiimatii gutti hae naur iske aise nau move karaa jaawe sake jisse ii dusman ke gutti ke attack ke niche aawe hae. Ek move jon raja ke attack kare hae ke turant rok dewa chaahi, agr ii nai hoe sake hae tab khel ke haar dewa gais hae.
• Ek rook chaahe jetna sqaure maango, uske move karaa jaae sake hae ek rank nai to file me. Ek riik, raja ke castling move me rahe hae.
• Ek bishop chaahe jetnaa square maango otna diagonally move hoe hae.
• Ek rani rook aur ke taagat ke jorre hae aur iske rank, nai to file, nai to diagonaaly chaahe jetne square maango otna move karaa jaawe sake hae.
• Ek knight sab se nagiich ke square me move hoe he jon wahii rank, file, nai to diagonal me nai hae. (Ii move ek "L"-shape banae hae: dui squares vertically aur square horizontally, nai to dui squares horizontally aur ek square vertically.) Knight khaali ek gutti hae jon duusra gutti ke uppar se kuude sake hae

.

• Ek pawn aage waala square jisme koi gutti nai hae me move hoe sake hae, same file me, lekin ii pahila move me dui squares move hoe sake hae, same file me, agar duuno square me koi gutti nai hae (diagram dots). Ek pawn, dusman ke gutti ke capture kare hae ek square diagonally aage uu square me jaae ke (diagram crosses). Ii capture nai kare sake hae jab ii aage wahii file me move hoe hae, aur ii aage diagonaaly nai jaawe sake hae, bina dusman ke gutti ke kaate. Pawns ke dui khaas move hae: the en passant capture aur promotion.