Chirriya
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Chirriya (Latin: Aves) ek rakam ke vertebrate hae, jiske
matlab ii hae ki iske lage backbones hae. [1]
Chiroya warm-blooded hae au anda de hae. Iske dehin pakhna se covered rahe hae. Iske haddi hollow rahe hae. Iske pakhnaa rahe hae, bina daant ke chooch, hard shell waala andaa de hae, jaada metabolic rate rahe hae, chaar chamber waala dil hae aur iske haddi bahut halluk rahe hae. Chirriya dunia bhar me rahe hae aur iske size 5.5 cm (2.2 in) (hummingbird) se lae ke 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) (common ostrich) talak rahe hae. 11,000 se jaada species ke chirriya abhi rahe hae aur iske 44 order me baata gais hae. Aadha se jaada "perching" chirriya hae. Chirriya ke pankhaa rahe hae jon species ke rakam different rahe hae. Khaali dui chirriya ke group ke pankhaa nai hae; moa aur elephant bird. Pankhaa modified haanth hae, jisse chirriya urre hae, lekin kuchh chirriya aur evolve hoe ke urre nai paawe hae, jaise penguin. Chirriya ke digestive system aur respiratory system urre khaatir adapted hae. Kuchh chirriyapaani me adept hoe ke pahurre sake hae.
Chirriya pankhaa waala dinosaur hae, jon pahile ke theropods se evolve bhais hae, aur ii khaali ek jindaa dinosaur hae. Yhii rakam se, chirriya ke reptile maana jaawe hae, aur iske sab se magiich ke palwaar magarmachh hae. Chirriya ouraana avialan se evolve bhia hae (jiske members me hae Archaeopteryx) jon pahile Late Jurassic period me evolve bhae rahin. Kuchh anumaan ke anusaar, aadhmik chirriya, (Neornithes) Late Cretaceous jamaana me evolve bhae rahin, nai to Early aur Late Cretaceous (100 Ma) ke biich ke aur Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event ke jamaana me, 66 million saal pahile, jon pterosaurs aur sab non-ornithuran dinosaurs ke maar diis rahaa.[2][3]
Dher social species, gyan ke duusra generations talak lae jaawe hae . Chirriya social hae, jon ek duusre se sankii, awaaj, aur gaana se communicate kare hae, aur khslaa aur hunt ek duusre ke saathe kare hae. Jaada chirriya ke species socially (but not necessarily sexually) khaali ek partner ke saathe rahe hae, usually khaali ek breeding season bhar, kabhi-kabhi kuchh saal talak, aur bahut kamtii jindagi bhar. Aur species ke breeding systems polygynous rahe hae (ek admi aur dher aurats) nai to, kabhi-kabhi, polyandrous (ek female dher admi ke saathe ). Chirriya andaa de hae jiske [sexual reproduction sefertilize karaa jaawe hae. Ii andaa ke ek khoslaa me dewa jaawe hae . Jaada chirriya andaa hatch hoe ke baad dher din talak bachchaa ke paale hae.
Dher species ke chirriya, insaan ke khaatir economically important hae, khaana khaatir aur manufacturing ke raw material ke khaatir, janglee aur palti chirriyaa andaa,gos aur pakhnaa ke khaatir important hae. Songbird, parrots, aur duusra species pets ke rakam popular hae. Chirriyaa ke tatti ke khaad ke ruup me kaam me laawa jaae hae. Insaan ke sanskriti me suruu se chirriya rahis rahaa. Inssan ke activity ke kaaran, lagbhag 120 se 130 chirriya ke species, 17th century se, extinct hoe gais hae, aur dher sau isse pahile. Insaan ke activity lagbhag 1,200 chirriya ke species extinct hoe waala hae, jab ki iske bachaae ke kosis karaa jaawe hae. Recreational birdwatching ecotourism industry ke khaas hissa hae.
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Evolution aur classification
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Chirriya ke pahila classification ke Francis Willughby aur John Ray develop kare rahin, uulog ke 1676 volume Ornithologiae me.[4] Carl Linnaeus, ii kaam ke 1758 me taxonomic classification system ke banais rahaa, jiske abhi kaam me laawa jaawe hae.[5] Chirriya ke jaada kar ke ek biological class me, in traditional evolutionary taxonomy me classify karaa jaawe hae. Aadhmil phylogenetic taxonomy, Aves ke clade Theropoda me rakkhe hae, kabhi-kabhi ek Linnean rank jon class ke niche rahaa, jaise subclass[6] nai to infraclass.[7]
Definition
Aves aur ek sister group, order Crocodilia, me khaali ek jindaa representatives reptile clade Archosauria ke hae. Late 1990s me, Aves ke jaada kar ke phylogenetically ke modern chirriya ke most recent common ancestor define karaa jaawat rahaa aur Archaeopteryx lithographica.[8] Lekin, puraana definition jiske Jacques Gauthier propose karis rahaa, ke 21st century me jaada kaam me laae jaae lagaa, aur iske dher vigyanik jisme adherents to the PhyloCode bhi hae, kaam me laawe hae. Gauthier define karis hae Aves ke crown group of the set of aadhmik chirriya me karis hae. Iske ii kaaran se karaa gais rahaa, jisse jon chirriya ke khaali uske fossils se jaana jaawe hae ke nikaala jaae sake, aur uske ek aur motaa group Avialae rakkhaa jaawe sake,[9] ii principle ispe based hae ki extant species should ke limit karaa jaae jisse khaali extant species aur uske nachdik ke palwaar ii geoup me raha. [9]
Gauthier aur de Queiroz chaar different definitions ke identify kare rahin biological jiske naam "Aves" hae, ke khaatir, jon ek problem hae.[10] Iske uthors log ii propose karin ki Aves naam ke khaali crown group khaatir, jisme last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants hae, ke khaatir reserve karaa jaae.[10] Uu log duusra group ke aur naam de rahin. .[10]
A Flock of Tundra Swans fly in V-formation.
This Osprey at Kennedy Space Centre is hovering.
A Wandering Albatross can sleep while flying.
The large broad wings of a vulture allow it to soar without flapping.
The soft feathers of an owl allow it to fly quietly.
Some birds, such as the quail, live mainly on the ground.
A cassowary cannot fly but can defend itself.
Penguin's flippers are good for swimming.
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Gallery of well-known little birds
Blue Tit, photo AKa.
This male House Sparrow is camouflaged among the pebbles
Chaffinch (male), photo M.Maggs
White-breasted Nuthatch
References
Duusra websites
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