Mangalgrah

Mangalgrah (pratiik: , Mars) Solar System me Suraj se dur chhota planet hae. English me iska naam, Mars, Roman ke yudh karne waala bhagwaan ke naam se aisa hae kyoki iska rang laal hae joki khuun ka rang hae.

Mangalgrah 

The planet Mars Mars as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope
Orbital characteristics[1] Epoch J2000
Aphelion	249,209,300 km 1.665 861 AU
Perihelion	206,669,000 km 1.381 497 AU
Semi-major axis	227,939,100 km 1.523 679 AU
Eccentricity	0.093 315
Orbital period	686.971 day 1.8808 Julian years 668.5991 sols
Synodic period	779.96 day 2.135 Julian years
Average orbital speed	24.077 km/s
Inclination	1.850° to ecliptic 5.65° to Sun's equator 1.67° to invariable plane[2]
Longitude of ascending node	49.562°
Argument of perihelion	286.537°
Satellites	2
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius	3,396.2 ± 0.1 km[a][3] 0.533 Earths
Polar radius	3,376.2 ± 0.1 km[a][3] 0.531 Earths
Flattening	0.005 89 ± 0.000 15
Surface area	144,798,500 km² 0.284 Earths
Volume	1.6318×1011 km³ 0.151 Earths
Mass	6.4185×1023 kg 0.107 Earths
Mean density	3.934 g/cm³
Equatorial surface gravity	3.69 m/s² 0.376 g
Escape velocity	5.027 km/s
Sidereal rotation period	1.025 957 day 24.622 96 h[4]
Rotation velocity at equator	868.22 km/h (241.17 m/s)
Axial tilt	25.19°
Right ascension of North pole	21 h 10 min 44 s 317.681 43°
Declination of North pole	52.886 50°
Albedo	0.15 (geometric) or 0.25 (bond)
Surface temperature:    Kelvin    Celsius	min mean max 186 K 227 K 268 K[4] −87 °C −46 °C −5 °C
Apparent magnitude	+1.8 to −2.91
Angular size	3.5—25.1"
Adjectives	Martian
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	0.6–1.0 kPa
Composition	95.72% Carbon dioxide 2.7% Nitrogen 1.6% Argon 0.2% Oxygen 0.07% Carbon monoxide 0.03% Water vapor 0.01% Nitric oxide 2.5 ppm Neon 300 ppb Krypton 130 ppb Formaldehyde 80 ppb Xenon 30 ppb Ozone 10 ppb Methane

Mangalreah, Suraj se chauthaa grah hae. Ii grah ke matti laal-gulaabi hae, kaaheki isme dher iron oxide hae aur yahii kaaran se iske "Laal grah" ke naam dewa gais hae..^[5] Mangalgrah, dunia se dekhaae aasmaan me ek sab se jaada bright chij hae. Ii ek terrestrial grah hae aur saur mandal ke duusra sab se chhotaa grah hae, jiske diameter 6,779 km (4,212 mi) hae. Mangalgrah ke ek din 24.6 ghantaa ke rahe hae aur iske ek saal 1.88 dunia ke saal ke baraabar hae (687 dunia ke baraabar din). Mangalgrah ke lage dui chandarma hae, Phobos aur Deimos

Mangalgrah ke north hissa samthar hae, jab ki south ke hissa cratar se bharaa hae. Hian pe dher barraa barraa exticnt jwakamukhi hae, jisme se sab se uuncha Olympus Mons hae, jiske uunchaai 21.9 km or 13.6 mi hae aur saur mandal ke sab se barraa canyon, Valles Marineris, jiske lambaae 4,000 km or 2,500 mi hae. Iske dharti ke bhittar dher bhukamp hoe hae. Mangalgrah ke polar ice caps me dher carbon dioxide hae. Saal bhar me average temperature −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) aur 5.7 °C (42.3 °F) ke biich me rahe hae. Iske axis ke tilt 23.5 degrees hae.

Mangalgrah 4.5 billion saal pahile banaa rahaa. 4.5 se 3.5 billion saal pahile ii grah ke surface meteor impact se marked rahaa, valley banatrahha, erosion howat rahaa aur saait hian pe samundar bhi rahaa. 3.5 se 3.3–2.9 billion saal pahile hian pe dher jwalamukhi fuutat rahaa aur baarr ke kaaran dher channels banaa rahaa. Uu time se abhi talak hawaa jaada chale hae. Lig ii biswas kare hae ki saait pahila hian pe jiu rahaa hoi.

20th century me Mangalgrah me dher spacecraft aur rover bheja gais hae. 1965 me pahila dafe Marina 4 Mangalgrah ke bagal se urr ke gais rahaa, 1971 me Mars 2 pahila dafe orbit karis aur 1976 me Viking 1 pahila dafe hian pe utra rahaa. 2023 me 11 orbiroes aur rovers ii grah ke parigrama kare hae. Aage waala saal me aur dher mission hian ke khaatir plan karaa gais hae.

Mangalgrah ka jaankari

Surface with rocks everywhere photographed by Mars Pathfinder

Mars ke lage hue chhota chhota chandrama hae, jiske naam Phobos aur Deimos he. Is planet me jaada kar ke patthar he. Iski matti laal he kahe ki hian pagal ho gaye hae pe dher iron oxide (murcha) hae.^[6] Ii planet me thorra se carbon dioxide ke atmosphere hae. Mangalgrah ke temperature dunia se aur jaada thanda hae, kahe ki ii Suraj se aur duur har. Mangalgrah ke north aur south pole me ice aur frozen carbon dioxide hae. Mars me paani nai hae, poles ke alawa, lekin scientist log ii soche hae ki hian pe pahile paani rahaa.

Physical characteristics

Mars depicted to scale alongside the planetary-mass objects of the Inner Solar System. From left: Mercury, Venus, Earth, the Moon, Mars and Ceres.)

Magalgrah ke diameter, dunia ke lagbhag aadha hae, lekin iske surface area dunia ke jhuura jagha ke surface arease khaali thorra kamtii hae. Ii grah dunia se kamtii dense hae aur iske volume dunia ke khaali 15% hae aur mass khaali 11% hae. Iske kaaran iske gravity dunia ke khaali 38% hae. Mangalgrah ke abhi ek desert planet bola jaae hae, kaaheki iske surface dunia ke desert ke rakam hae. ^[7]

Internal structure

Internal structure of Mars

Mapped gravity field of Mars

Mangalgrah ka Itihaas

Mangalgrah ke baare me pichhle kai varso se jaana jata hae. Greek log is planet ko Ares khte the , lekin jab Roman log raj karne lage tab ve log iske naam ko badal kr Mars ka nam de diya.

Ii planet ke chapa banae me pahila kaam Giovanni Schiaparelli karis rahaa. Ii jon kuchh aapan duurbin se dekhis rahaa uske confuse kar diis kahe ki uu canal ke jiske paani ke khatir khoda gias rahaa, ke dekhis. Iske kaaran log ii soche lagin ki Mangalgrah me janwar aur alien rahe hae. Aajkal ii planet me rocket bheje ke kaaran ham log ii jantaa hae ki ii planet me koi janwar nai hae.