Singapore

Republic of Singapore nai to Singapore, Asia continent ke Malay peninsula ke ek des hae. Singapore equator ke north me hae. Iske parrosi des Malaysia aur Indonesia hae. 4.48 million log Singapore me rahe hae jisme se 76% Chinese hae. Sanskrit me, "Singapore" ke matlab "Lion city" hae. Iske national bhasa Malay hae lekin aur official bhasa hae English, Mandarin aur Tamil.

Republic of Singapore. Republik Singapura 新加坡共和国 சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு
Jhanda Coat of arms
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto:	Majulah Singapura (English: "Onward, Singapore")
National anthem:	Majulah Singapura
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa:	Malay, English, Mandarin Chinese, Tamil
Abaadi:
- Total:	{{{populationtotal}}}
Jagha
country map Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City:	Singapore
Sab se barraa City:	Singapore
Area
- Total:	704.0 (ranked 188)
- Water:	n/a km² (1.444%)
Politics / Government
Established:	31 August 1963
Leader:	President: Sellapan Ramanathan Prime Minister: Lee Hsien Loong
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam:	Singapore Dollar (SGD)
International information
Time ke zone:	+8
Telephone ke dialing code:	65
Internet domain:	.sg

Etymology

English bhasa waala naam, Singapore, Malay sabd Singapura, "Lion-city" se aais hae, lekin ii hoe sake hae ki ii naam ke suruwaat isse bahut pahile ke hae.^[1] Pura, Tamil Puram (புரம்) se aais hae jiske matlab city nai to metropolis hae.^[2]

Singa-, Tamil Singam (சிங்கம்)se aae hae , jiske matlab ser hae.^[3] Aajkal ii city-state ke Lion City ke naam se jaana jaawe hae. Ii baat sach hae ki Singapore me kabhi ser nai rahin. Asiatic lion bhi kabhi hian pe nai rahin jiske Sang Nila Utama batais ki uu huan pe dekhis rahaa. Ii hoe sake hae ki uu hian pe tiger ke dekhis rahaa. ^[4][5]

"Singapore" naam duuno city aur des ke dewa jaawe hae, jon ki ekke chij hae.

Itihaas

Puraana Singapore

1299 me Sang Nila Utama, Kingdom of Singapore ke suruu karis rahaa.^[6] 14th century me Singapore, jiske uu time temasek ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, ek trading post rahaa, jisme duuno Majapahit aur Ayutthaya Empire ke influence ke niche, aur Indosphere ke hissa rahaa.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} Ii kingdom, jisme India ke influence rahaa, resilience, political intergrity aur administratibe stability ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa.^[12] 14th century ke khalaas hoe talak, hian ke ruler, Parameswara, ke ii ilaaka ke duusra raja attack karis aur Parameswara, Singapore chhorr ke Malacca me jaae ke bas gais. Singapore ke khaas settlement, Fort Canning Hill ke band kar dewa gais, lekin hian pe chhota taur pe trading chalte rahaa. 1613 me Portuguese log ii settlement ke aagi lagae ke barbaad kar diin aur aglaa 200 saal talak iske baare me kuchh nai maluum hae.^[13] Ii time Singapore Johor Sultanate ke niche rahaa.^[14] 1641 ke baad, Singapore ke aas-paas ke ilaaka ke trade Dutch ke niche rahaa.^[15]

Britain ke niche

Jon chitthi William Farquhar, Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam ke lage, 28 November 1819 me likhis rahaa. Pahila line me, Farquhar ii batae hae ki Sultan Hussein Shah aur Temenggong Abdul Rahman, British East India Company ke, 6 February 1819 me, Singapore me ek factory banae ke ijaajat diis rahaa.^[16][17]

Britain ke governor, Singapore me 28 January 1819 me aais aur ii island ke ek nawaa port banae ke khaatir achchhaa jagha paais.^[18] Ii island pe Tengku Abdul Rahman, Sultan of Johor, raaj karat rahaa, jiske Dutch control karat rahin.^[19] Hian ke sultan bahut kamjor rahaa kaaheki uske darbar ke kuchh khaas log sultan ke bhaiyaa ke loyal rahin. British log sultan ke bhiyaa ke raj gaddi pe baithaae diin jiske badle me British pe huan pe ek trading post ke banae ke ijaajat milaa. ^[20] Treaty of Singapore ke 6 February 1819 me sign karaa gais rahaa.^[21][22]

1825 survey map. Singapore's free port trade was at Singapore River for 150 years. Fort Canning hill (centre) was home to its ancient and early colonial rulers.

1824 me, Sultan ke saathe ek aur treaty ke baad, puura island, British Empire ke niche hoe gais.^[23] 1826 me, Singapore, Straits Settlements ke ek hissa banaa, jon British India ke niche rahaa. 1836 me Singapore regional capital banaa rahaa.^[24] Raffles ke aae se pahile, ii island me khaali lagbhag ek hajaar log rahat rahin, jaada kar ke indigenous Malays aur kuchh f Chinese.^[25] 1860 talak hian ke abaadi 80,000 hoe gais rahaa, jisme se aadha se jaada Chinese rahin.^[23] Pahile ke immigrants pepper aur gambier plantations me kaam kare ke khaatir aae rahin.^[26] 1867 me, Straits Settlements ke British India se alag kar ke , sidhe Britain ke niche kar dewa gais rahaa.^[27] Baad me, 1890s me, Malaya aur Singapore me rubber industry suruu bhais rahaa ,^[28] aur ii island dunia ke rubber sorting aur export ke centre hoe gais rahaa.^[23]

Panorama of Singapore at sunrise, 1865, lithograph by Vincent Brooks.

First World War (1914–18) ke koi khaas asar Singapore pe nai rahaa, lekin 1915 me British garrison ke Muslim siphaahi log mutiny kar diin rahaa^[29], jab uu logan sochin ki uu logan ke Ottoman Empire ke virod me larre ke bhejaa jaai, jon ek Muslim state rahaa. Ii sipaahi log aapan officer log ke maar diin lekin baad me non-Muslim sipaahi se mutin ke khalaas karaa gais rahaa.^[30]

World War I ke baad British hian pe ek barraa naval base kae banae rahin.^[31] Iske 1938 me banae ke khalaas karaa gais rahaa aur isme dunia ke sab se barraa dry dock, tiisra sab se barraa floating dock aur etna fuel ke store karaa gais rahaa ki ii puuraa British Navy ke 6 mahina talak supple kare sakat rahaa.^[32][33] Ii base ke 15-inch (380 mm) naval guns se defended rahaa, lekin hian pe station kare ke khaatir Britain ke lage paisa nai rahaa. World War II me Japan iske occupy kar liis rahaa.^[34][35]

Japan ke niche

British ke 1945 me nikaala jaae hae, Japanese surrender ke baad. Kallang Airport ke control tower, jon city ke lage hae, ke bachae ke rakkhaa gais hae.

Pacific War ke time, Japan ke invasion of Malaya ke aakhri larrai rahaa Battle of Singapore. Jab huan ke 60,000 siphaahi ke British force 15 February 1942 me surrender bhais, tab British prime minister Winston Churchill iske "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history" batais.^[36] British aur Empire ke casualities ii larrai me rahaa 85,000 lag captured.^[37], lagbhag 5,000 ke maara nai to ghaayal karaa gais,^[38] jisme se jaada Australians rahin.^[39][40] Japanese casualties ii larrai me rahaa 1,714 maraa aur 3,378 ghaayal.^[37] Ii occupation dher des ke itihaas me khaas chij rahaa, jisme Japan, Britain, aur Singapore hae. Japanese akhbaar iske larrai ke khaas point batae rahin.^[41] 5,000 se 25,000 talak ethnic Chinese log ke Sook Ching massacre me maara gais rahaa.^[42] British forces island ke 1945/1946 me liberate kare ke plan kare rahin, lekin larrai isse pahile khalaas hoe gais rahaa.^[43]

Larrai ke baad

Singapore Town ke 1951 ke chhaapa.

15 August 1945 me, Japanese surrender ke baad, Singapore me dher luut-maar bhais. British, Australian, aur Indian siphaai jiske Lord Louis Mountbatten leader rahaa, Japan ke surrender ke accept karis. Tomoyuki Yamashita ke ek US military commission war crimes ke khaatir convict kar, lekin Malaya aur Singapore me uske siphaai ke atyachaar khaatir nai. Uske 23 February 1946 me faansi pe charrhae dewa gais rahaa.^[44]

Singapore ke dher infrastructure larrai me barbaad hoe gais rahaa. Khaana ke kamii ke kaaran malnutrition, bemaari, aur chri chandaali sab bagal rahaa. 1947 me ek harrtaal ke kaaran des me aur barbaadi bhais, Lekin 1947 talak island ke economy achchhaa hoe lagaa, jiske kaaran tin aur rubber ke dher demand rahaa.^[45] British Military Administration 1 April 1946 me khalaas bhais, aur Singapore ek alag Crown Colony banaa.^[45]July 1947 me, alag-alag Executive aur Legislative Councils ke banaawa gais rahaa aur agle saal Legislative Council ke chhe members ke election ke plan karaa gais rahaa.^[46]

1950s me, Chinese communists, jiske trade unions aur Chinese schools me influence rahaa, ek guerrilla war sarkar ke virod me suruu karis, jisse Malayan Emergency suruu bhais. Singapore me 1954 National Service riots, Hock Lee bus riots, aur Chinese middle schools riots sab ii ghatna se linked rahaa^[47] David Marshall, jon Labour Front ke netaa rahaa aur ajaadi maangat rahaa, Singapore kepahila general election ke 1955 me jiitis rahaa.^[48] Uu ek delegation ke London lae gais, lekin Britain huske self-rule ke maang ke nai kar diis. Uu istefaa dae diis aur 1956 me Lim Yew Hock uske jagha liis, aur jir jaada negotiation ke baad Britain, 3 June 1959 me, Singapore ke internal self-government, defence aur foreign affairs ke chhorr ke aur sab maamle me diis rahaa. ^[49] 30 May 1959 election, ke People's Action Party (PAP) landslide se jiitis rahaa.^[50] Governor Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode pahila Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State) rahaa.^[51]

Malaysia me

Singapore, uske port ke kaaran dhani bhais. 1960s me bumboat ke kaam me laae ke cargo ke shore ke lage kharraa jahaaj aur Singapore Naddi ke biich me lae jaawa jaawat rahaa.

PAP ke neta ii biswas karat rahin ki Singapore ke future Malaysia ke saathe hae, kaaheki duuno ke biich me gahiraa sambandh rahaa. Ii socha jaawat rahaa ki ek common market se Malaysia ke faeda hoi. Lekin PAP ke ek barraa faction Malaysia ke saathe rahe ke virod karat rahaa. Uu log ke party se nikal dewa gais aur ek duusra pary Barisan Sosialis ke banain.^[52][53]