Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria
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.Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria dị oke egwu, na-achọrọ afụ nke 19. Ihe ndị na-eme ihe ndị na-ese ihe na-eme ka Austria, onye ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ebute obere ọrụ ugbo. , ikike ikike oke, usoro ugbo oge ochie, ajị ọrịa nke erighị nri na-adịghị ala ala, ụnwụ nri na ọrịa, na-በላta ihe.
Ịda ogbenye n' ahụ juru ebe niile nke na okwu ahụ bụ "nhụsianya Galicia" ( nędza galicyjska ) ma ọ bụ "ụbịam Galicia" ( bieda galicyjska ) sere ilu, na Poles na--eke mmetụta emo na-agbagọ aha ekiri Galicia na Lodomeria na "Golicja". i Głodomeria ", na- egwuregwu na okwu Polish, n'otu n'otu, maka "ọtọ" na "agụụ" ("Nakedia na Hungrymeria"). na British Ireland.
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Austria-Hungary Nweghị obere njem dị mkpa maka ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ na akara n'ime Ime ukwu ahụ. N'obodo ka ndị Ukwu German, ndị Habsburgs na-eche echiche nke iwu usoro ụgbọ oloko na ngwaọrụ ma ngwaọrụ na-edozi n'ime obodo nke ha. Bohemia Austrian dum bụ naanị otu ahịrị jere ozi n'ime 1860s. Emperor Francis Joseph I megidere iwu n'ihu "ka ghara ịbata na mba ahụ." Eji okporo ụzọ okporoko na-aga na Austria-Hungary tupu 1881 ma jiri ikike site na steeti ruo mgbe mgba nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ. Viennese bank - dere Clive Trebilcock nke Cambridge - na-akụ osisi dị n'ebe ụmụaka [nke Galicia] n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ụdị colonial [1]
. [2]Oke steeti ahụ ebipụla Galicia n'ụzọ dị iche iche ọdịiche ya na akara nke mbụ Crown Polish, butere ndakpọ akụ na ngwaọrụ yana mbelata nke obodo Galician. Lviv tụfuru ọkwa ya dị ka nnukwu ebe nchekwa. Mgbe oge oge nke mmetụta ego na obere ego obere, ndị na-ekiri Austria egosi irigbu ego Galicia ma mebie mpaghara ndị mmadụ site na ide aha na ndị agha ibubanye ukwu. Ọstria nke na Ndị Galicia ahọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ ihe kama ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara ọrụ ugbo ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ebubata ngwaahịa nri na ngwaahịa na mpaghara Habsburg ndị ọzọ. E hiwere ụtụ isi ọhụrụ, a naghị adi ego n'anya ma leghara obodo ukwu na obodo nta anya [3] [4]
Agụm akwụkwọ la azụ azụ, ebe naanị 15% ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aga ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọlụ, nke akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ ugbo ole na ole nwere ikike ikikeso ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ nna na ha mere ya, ọ na-eme nnukwu obodo Galician ( Kraków ma ọ bụ Lviv) bụ ebe etiti ụlọ ọrụ dị mma, nke nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo obere ụzọ ọzọ maka ọrụ ha. Iji ibe ukwu nke Ọstrelia , na ọ dịghị ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ na, ndị na-esote dị ka amị ihe, nke ga-ewe iwe na usoro nke Galicia bụ onye na-enyeRere ugbo maka ndị Ukwu ahụ, na-na-enye maka inye ụlọ ọrụ dị ala, ọnọdụ bara uru maka ma ike na ndị nwe ala. Gọọmenti Ọstria lekwasịrị Galicia anya dị ka obodo a ga-ewere dị ka obodo ọzọ, ma tụnye ya ụtụ isi ego na ya. N'ime obere ụlọ ọrụ Galicia nwere, otu n'ime alaka obodo mgbasa ụba (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ nke ihe) bụ ọrụ na-aba n'anya, na-erigbu ma na-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbo daa ogbenye. Ịbigabiga ókè bụ nnukwu nsogbu nsogbu.
Nrụpụta ọrụ ugbo nke ndị Galician bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ala na Europe n'ihi usoro ugbo oge ochie, nke dị nnọọ iche na nke e ji mee ihe n'oge mmalite akara anya . Ọnọdụ dị na Northern (Polish) Galicia gbagoro n'ihi ezigbo ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto eto, na-eme ka onyinye onye ọrụ ugbo na-abụ nke ukwuu. Ihe ụgwọ 70% nke ndị Galicia bi na ala. Na ọkara nke abụọ nke mbụ afụ nke 19, ebe ọ bụ ikike ikike nke ala ubi (ihe dị ka 7%), ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ugbo mụbara okpukpu abụọ. Na 1899, 80% nke nkata ahụ nwere ihe na- egwuregwu 5 acres (2.0 ha), na ọtụtụ ike ike nri zuru oke na ala ha iji kwado ngwa ha. ezi ndị mmadụ a paa na Galicia adịla njọ nke na a onyonyo ya dị ka ebe ndị na-eso ụzọ tra na Europe ma e jiri yaa India na China .
Ntọhapụ nke ndị serfs na 1848 azụ ka ọnọdụ ha ìhè mma, n'ihi na ndị isi obodo na-enye ha ọrụ na-maka-pahin nke ọma, bụ ndị nwere 43% nke ala ubi na 1848, nke mere obere ihe ijikọ ọrịa ndị ọrụ ugbo site n'oge ochie gara aga. isi. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na iwu ahụ mere ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-atụfukwa nchekwa ezinụlọ ọtụtụ na ala ịtagharị, bụ ndị nnukwu ndị nwe ala na-akpa ichekwa onwe ha.