Itri yudsen yakk ɣer tegnit From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tafukt neɣ Iṭij (azamul-is: ) d yiwen n yitri id-yezgan di tlemnast n unagraw afuyan, temmug amzun d tawinest (tadewṛant), tegber seg plasma iẓeɣlen, yerna tesmunned (temcubbak) yakk d yiger adekran.[8]
Akdu-ines ila (yesɛa) azal n 1,392,684 km, ayen yegdan 109 n tikkal n ukdu n tegnit, ma d takura-ines 2×1030 kg, ayen yegdan 330,000 n tikkal n tkura n tegnit neɣ ayen i d-issiliɣen 99.86% n tkura n unagraw anafuk s timmad-is.[9]
Isefka n wannay | |
---|---|
Isig n umaccaq ɣef tegnit |
1.496× 10⁸ km 8 n tesdatin, 19 n tsinin s ufawatay |
Azal amaskad (V) | −26.74[1] |
Azal amagdez | 4.83[1] |
Asesmel aylalan | G2V |
Tamaɣuzt | Z = 0.0122 |
Akdu uɣmir | 31.6′ – 32.7′[2] |
Tiskanin timezzayin | |
Isig n umaccaq ɣef wammas n umazellaw |
~2.5×1017 km 26000 ifawatayen |
Tanzagt tamazallawt | (2.25–2.50)×108 iseggasen inafuken |
Arured | ~220 km/s (deg tmezzit ɣef wammas n umazellaw) ~ 20|km/s (Isig n tazzla s wassaɣ ɣer yitran yudsen) ~370|u=km/s (s wassaɣ ɣer wammar n tudfirt amikṛuwan) |
Tiskanin tisengamin | |
Isig n ukdu | 1.392684 km[3] |
Aqqaṛ asbegsan | 6.96342 km[3] 109 × tagnit[4] |
Tamezza tasbegsant | 4.379 km[4] 109 × tagnit[4] |
Tigni | 9×10−⁶ |
Tajumma n tiggi | 6.0877 km²[4] 11990 × tagnit[4] |
Ableɣ | 1.412 × 10¹⁸ km³[4] 1300000 × tagnit |
Takura | 1.9891 × 10³⁰ kg[1] 333000 × tagnit[1] |
isig n tneẓẓi | 1.408 × 10³ km/m³[1][4][5] |
Tineẓẓi | ammas : 1.622 × 10⁵kg/m³[1] Afutusfir adday: 2×10-⁴ kg/m³ Krumusfir adday: 5×10−⁶ kg/m³ izɣuɣ ( isig ): 1×10−¹² kg/m3[6] |
Taldayt n tjumma deg uzirig n usebges | 274.0 m/s²[1] 27.94 g 28 × tagnit[4] |
Tazzla n teslullit (seg tjumma) |
617.7 km/s[4] 55 × tegnit[4] |
Taẓɣelt | Ammas ~1.57× 10⁷C[1] Photosphere): 5778 C[1] Kruna: ~5 × 10⁶ C |
Asfijjej (Ltafukt) | 3.846 × 10²⁶ wat[1] ~3.75 × 10²⁸ Lunen ~98 Lumen/wat |
isig n waffa (I) | wat/m−²·Stirdyan -¹ |
Addar | 4.57 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen[7] |
Tisekna timazzayin | |
Annuz agellusan | 7.25°[1] (seg Ecliptic) 67.23° (to the uswir n umazellaw) |
Aluy amaɣad seg tiglezt n ugafa |
286.13° 19 h 4 min 30 s |
Annuz Seg tiglezt n ugafa |
+63.87° 63° 52' s agafa |
Tasnallant Tanzagt n tuzzya (deg usebges) |
25.05 wussan[1] |
(deg tehri n 16° ) | 25.38 wussan 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s |
(deg tzeglin) | 34.4 wussan[1] |
Tazzla n tuzzya (deg usebges) |
7.189× 10³km/t[4] |
Isegra n Tugnakurt | |
Hidṛujin | 73.46% |
Hilium | 24.85% |
Uksijin | 0.77% |
Kaṛbun | 0.29% |
Uzzal | 0.16% |
Neyon | 0.12% |
Aẓut | 0.09% |
Silisium | 0.07% |
Magnisyum | 0.05% |
Akebri | 0.04% |
Tafukt d yiwet seg yitran n umazellaw n wasif n igenwan igebren seg wugar 200 n imelyaṛen n yitran[10]
Dɣa amazellaw-a s iman-is yeṭṭafar tagrawt n imazellawen niḍen yettusemman s tagrawt tadigant, anda tajumma tanamdalt i teṭṭef tegrawt-a d tawinest azgen n ukdu-ines yettawaṭ ar 10 n imelyan n ifawatayen (iseggasen inafaten).[11]
Ma deg wayen yezzin ɣef tekrura, ad naf ahidṛujin d win i d-issiliɣen kṛad n imkuẓen (¾) n isegra n tkura tanafukt. Ma d ayen i d-yegran, amur ameqqran deg-s d ahilium yakk d wazal n 1,69% n iferdisen iẓayanen am weksujin d usinuksid n ukaṛbun d neyon d wuzzal d iferdisen niḍen.[12]
Tafukt teṭṭafar taggayt n igezlanen iwraɣen s unect n usesmel atraw isennden ɣef tissiwin tiggwanin. S udday, s unect n usesmel atraw, azmul G2 yemmal-d taẓɣelt n tiggi yettawṭen ɣer 5778° C, ma d azamul V d akken tafukt d itri n welkem agejdan[13]. Dɣa imesnallunen ttmeggizent d akken tafuwt d itri meẓẓiyen s wassaɣ, akken i ttɣilen d akken (tafukt) d tin yettfeǧǧijen ugar n 85% n yitran n wasif n igenwan igan deg tuget n tegnatin d igezlanen izeggaɣen. Azal amagdez n tfukt d win issawaṭen ɣer 4.83, dɣa d tafukt i d tafekka tagnnant yettfeǧǧijen yakk s waṭas deg tegnawt n tegnit s wazal amaskad issawṭen ɣer −26.74.[14][15]
Tamrest n tfukt tetteẓẓel s teɣlel deg tallunt, ayen i d-issiliɣen aṭu anafuk igan d tizelɣiwin tuzdimin yeẓẓlen seg yiri n uhiliusfir ɣer wazal n 100 tiggtin tisnullanin, ahilyusfur-a yessiliɣ-d tamuski tamanṭaṭ i meqqren yakk deg unagraw anafuk.[16]dɣa ammas agratraw yeččaray s waṭu anafuk.
Tafukt tettnwiwil (tettḥerrik) deg usigna agratraw adigan i d-izgan deg tama n tlilect tadigant ɣef yiri agensuy n yiɣil n umanar igan d yiwen seg yiɣallen atliwen n umazellaw n wasif n igenwan.[17]
Tafukt tezga-d deg wedras wis 4 deg wayen yezzin ɣef tkura n 50 n yitran yudsen ɣer tegnit (itran i d-izgan deg usutem n 17 n ifawatayen ɣef tegnit), anda itri yudsen yakk ɣer tegnit seld n tfukt iga d procima Centauri yaggugin (ibeɛden) s 4,2 n ifawatayen.[18]
Timezzit tamazallawt n tfukt taggug (tebɛed) ɣef wammas amazallaw s kra n 24,000 ar 26.000 n yifawatayen yerna tsemmed (tettkemmil) yiwen n useggas amazallaw (akken i d-ittbin deg yimsidag n umazallaw) azal n 225 ɣer 250 n imelyan n iseggasen.
Amussu d unwiwel n tfukt s tazzla n 370 km/t ɣer tnila n tezdemt n weyrad neɣ ɣer tezdemt n tenhawt d win i d-yettilin mya amazallaw yettnwiwel s talɣa tamazgayt yakk d wammar n tudfirt amikṛuwan s tazzla n 550 kmt.[19]
Isig n westum gar n tfukt d tegnit d win igan azal n 149.6 n imelyan km. Imusnawen ttɣilen d akken astum-a yettbeddil s unwiwel n tegnit seg uceffalu ɣer ufafuk, Tafat d tin i d-ittfakkan tikli n usutem-a deg 8 n tesdatin d 9 n tsinin, Tafasa n uzenzar anafat n tfukt d tin i d-ittaken tudert s temhalt n tugnaddast,[20], akken daɣen i d-tgellu s unezwu d tignewt, Tigelsin n tfukt d tid yettwassnen deg tegnit seg tallit n uzarmezruy anda aṭas n iɣerfan d wadlisen meggzen tafukt d yellu.[21]
Tafukt d itri yeṭṭafaren talmest n welkam agejdan G, Takura-ines tessiliɣ-d azal n 99.8632% seg tkura n wudus anafuk ma d talɣa-ines cki-tt d tuzza (meḥsub d tamduṛant) anda akdu deg tizgelt d win yemgaraden ɣef ukdu deg usebges s 10 km kan. Mya tafukt tga deg waddad n plasma anecta yennumk d akken-it tetezzi s urured deg usebges ugar n wayen i d-ttezzi deg tzeglin, dɣa tikeli ayi tettwassen s tuzzya tamgirdant, anecta igellu-d s tseddimt d unwiwel n tkura s usrag n wuẓeẓ meqqren deg teẓɣelt seg weɣyay ɣer beṛṛa. Takura ayi tettaddam kra seg yimir amussay.[22]
Tallit tufrint n tuzzya n tfukt tettaṭṭaf 25,6 n wussan deg usebges-is d 33,5 n wussan deg tzeglin-is. Ma d tallit n tuzzya tamaskadt deg usebges teṭṭafaf 28 n wussa.[23]
Asemdu n tdusi tuẓẓlammast n tuzzya ayi talwayant tga 18 n imelyan n tikkal ddaw n tdusi n teldayt tajummant deg usebges. Yerna tadusi n tndeffert n yimtiwgen d tis ur nli ara (ur nesɛi ar) asemdu meqqren, ɣef wanect-a ur ssemduyen ara ɣef tfukt.[24]
Tafat n tfukt d aɣbalu agejdan n tfasa deg tegnit ma d iɣbula niden gan d tinegwa tisinsinin deg wuln tegnit, dɣa tinegwa ayi tisinsinin gant d aɣbalu tarakaẓɣalt n tegnit i d-ittilin s tsedmirin tiɣisanin.
Timezgit tanafukt d tasmekta n tfasa i d-ttak tfukt i wfimidi n tigget n tjumma yettwafsaren srid i tafat n tfukt.[25], Timezgit tanafukt n tjumma ɣef wuggug n tigget tasnullant yegda uggug n tegnit ɣef tfukt (azal n 1368 wat/m)2[26]
Tignut n tegnit d tin yettekkayen deg usifes n tafat n tfukt s wakka ad tili tfasa i d-ittawaṭen seg tfukt tudes ɣer 1000 wat/m2 deg tegnatin tigamanin neɣ mi ara ad tili tfukt deg tdeɣra n umeddu.[27]
Asemres n tfasa tanafukt d ayen izemren ad yili s waṭas n tarrayin timguranin d tgamanin. Amedya, tamhalt n tugnaddast d tin i d-igerrun tafasa seg tfult w ad tt-iterr d tafasa takrurant. Ihi tamhelt-a d yiwet seg temhalin i d-ittilin s tarrayt tagamant deg tegnit. Akken i yezmer ad yili usemres n tafat n tfukt i wfares n tfasa tazrurant s useẓɣel usrid neɣ s turrit n tafat ɣer tzarurt (trisiti) s usemres n tekwafukin.[28]
Tafukt tegber seg uhidṛjin d uhilium. Deg tallit-a seg tudert-is sgensisen-d 74,9% d 23,8% seg tkura n tfukt deg tegnignut.[29] ma d iferdisen iẓayanen yakk ittwasemman imɣuzen sgensisen-d ddaw n 2% seg takura-ines yakk d weksujin s wazal n 1% d ukaṛbun 0,3% d Neon 0,2% d wuzzal 0,2%.[30]
Tasuddest takrurant taẓaṛant n tfukt d tin i d-immugen deg wammas agratraw, anda deg tazwara tella tegber seg 71.1% n uhidṛujin, 27.4% n uhilium d 1.5% seg yimɣuzen niden. Dɣa ahidṛujin d wamur ameqran seg uhilium yellan di tfukt ttwafarsen-d s temhalt n tseddɣisant deg 20 n tesdatin timenza n usedday, iferdisen iẓayanen llan ttwafarsen-d sɣur tisutiwin yezrin n yitran send n tlallit n tfukt sin akin nfufden deg wammas agratraw deg talliyin tineggura n tudert tatrawt yakk d inelfuyen (ineḍruyen) am supernuva.[31]
Seg wass mi i d-tennulfa tfukt, tamhelt n wezday tagejdant tegber ɣef urway n uhidṛujin yakked uhilium ɣef teɣzi n 4,6 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen yezrin, takur-a d tansa n uhilium s agensu n tfukt d tid yenbeddalen kra kra. S agensu n weɣyay, yuli ufimidi n uhilium seg 24% ɣer 60% s usrag n wefsay. Ma d kra niden n uhilium d iferdisen iẓayanen rekdrn deg tegnignut ɣer tnila n wul n tfukt s usrag n teldayt. Ma yella d ifimidiyen n yimɣuzen ur nbeddalen ara.[32]
Yettili-d usembiwel n teẓɣelt ɣer uzɣar (beṛṛa) n wul n tfukt s uzenzar deg wadeg n usseẓɣel, s wakka ur d-ittili ara usali n wefsay ɣer wezɣar s weẓɣal maca ad yeqqim deg weɣyay, Aɣyay agensaw n uhilium yebda yettmag-d kra kra yerna azday-is mači d ayen izemren ad yili acku ul n tfukt imir-a ur yeẓɣil ur yelli d aneẓẓaw s tesmekta ara ad yezdin ahilium. Ma deg tugnignut n tura yettili-d usedres deg uhilium (d yiferdisen iẓayanen) anda i d-issiliɣ 84% seg wayen yella deg tallit tamezwarut send ma ad tebdu temhelt n wezday aɣisan deg wul.[33] Deg yimal, ahilium ad ismed (ad ikemmel) asemnenni deg wul n tfukt, asemnenni ayi d tmerniwt-a ad teglu s tuffɣa n tfukt seg welkam agejdan i wakken ad tuɣal d acafcal azeggaɣ, anecta seld n 5 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen.[34]
Tasuddest takrurant n tugnignut deg tuget n tegnatin d tin yemmerwasen i wsileɣ n wudus anafuk amenzu. Akat n tyawant n iferdisen iẓayanen n tfasa tanafukt s usemres n tesledt taylalant i tugnignut n tfukt yakk d wakat n tyawant deg iseffuden ur yettwaseẓɣlen ara ula deg teẓɣelt n usefsi. Imusnawen ttɣilem d akken iseffuden ttagẓen s usileɣ n yitrazwar ɣef wanect-a ur tettwasemdu ara s usbeddi n iferdisen iẓayanen. Akken illant snat n tarrayin mtawan fell-asent deg wayen yezzin ɣef usileɣ anafuk[35]:
Deg useggas n 1970, kkrent-d waṭas n tegmayin yessezdyen ɣef tegmi ɣef isezdiyen n tegrawin n wuzzal deg tfukt.[36][37] ɣas akken tigmayin-a wwint-d igemmuden igerrzen maca aguccel n isezdiyen n kra n iferdisen n tegrawt n wuzzal (Akubalt d umegnisyum) qqimen mrayen (weɛṛen) s usrag n tmuski-nsen tanegt n tseddi, alammi d aseggas n 1978.[36] Deg useggas n 1962 tennulfa-d tegmi tummidt tamezwarut i tezrawt n tdisiwin n umcalay ɣef yiferdisen n tegrawt tasemdant n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in,[38] ttwasidnen-t deg useggas n 1976.[39] ma deg useggas n 1978 ttwasuddmen-d isezdiyen n yiferdisen n tegrawt n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in.[36]
Aṭas n imusnawen qellden ɣef tilin n wassaɣ deg userẓu akuran gar tsuddisin n yinyaten inafuken d yigazen inagrazen,[40] amedya amyaqqan ver n yinyaten imtiwganen d Neon d usinun deg tfukt d yimtiwgen.[41]
Aɣili d akken tafukt tla (tesɛa) yiwet n tsuddest i d-tla tugnignut tanafukt d win yersan alammi d aseggas n 1983[42] Deg useggas n 1983 yettwadma d akken yella userẓu deg tfukt s usrag n wassaɣ aseẓran gar n tsuddisin n yinyaten n yimtiwgen d wezwu anafuk i cekkṭen igazen inagrazen.[42], ma yella send n useggasa, yella yettuɣil d akken tafukt s timmad-is tla yiwet n tsuddest n tzugnut tanafukt.[43]
Tafukt tettwasileɣ-d send n 4,57 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen s usrag n uɣelluy n wamur n yiwen n usignew axeclawan acafcal yellan yegber - deg tuget-is - seg uhidṛujin d uhilyum, yerna yezmer ad yili usignew-a ittwasileɣ-d seg yitran niḍen. Dɣa addar-a yettwasteg s usenned ɣer usmudem s usemres n uselkim i westag n takkayt tatrawt. Tizrawin ɣef yiseffuden imziken snarment-d idrizen n yiɣwawen irekden seg yinyaten meẓẓiyen deg waddar am wuzzal-60 i d-yettmagen deg yiderḍqen meẓẓiyen n yitran. Anecta yemmal-d d akken yessefk ad yeṭṭerḍeq yiwen n Supernova neɣ sin zdat n wadeg anda i d-tettwasileɣ tfukt. D amedwal d akken tamdeswelt n tneggest i d-yemmugen seg uṭerḍeq n Supernova d nettat i yeǧǧan tafukt ad tettwasileɣ s wadad n igazen yellan deg usignew axeclawan, s akin tegla-d s yiwen n uɣelluy s agensu n usignew deg kra n tama s ddaw n usemdu-ines. Amur yennebran seg usignew yeɣlin yebda itezzi s usrag n taggaẓt n yimir uɣmir, sin akin terna teẓɣelt-is tettali yakked d walluy n wadad-is, anecta yakk yegla-d s umsegrew n tuget n tkura deg wammas-is, deg wakud anda i yufeg wayen i d-yezgan s azɣar (ɣer beṛṛa) n wagra, ayen i d-issalɣen imtiwgen d tfekkiwin yemgaraden n unagraw anafuk. Addad d teẓɣelt deg weɣyay n usignew yennebran urwen-d takrura meqqren seg teẓɣelt, akken i d-yuffes wugar n igazen deg waẓi n wegra. Di taggara, anecta yegla-d s beddu n tsedmirin tiɣisanin i d-iglan s tlalit n tfukt.[44]
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