Gruffudd ap Cynan
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Gruffudd ap Cynan (cca. 1055 – 1137) bio je kralj Gwynedda, poznat po za tadašnje vrijeme izuzetno dugom životu punom dramatičnih događaja, tokom kojih je postao ključna ličnost velškog otpora normanskim vladarima Engleske i stekao titulu kralj sveg Walesa. Bio je potomak Rhodri Mawra i pripadao porodici Aberffaw. Preko majke je bio blisko povezan sa nordijskim naseobinama oko današnjeg Dublina te često koristio Irsku kao utočište i izvor trupa. Tri puta je dolazio na prijestolje Gwynedda te ga gubio, prije nego što se konačno ustoličio 1099. i ostao na vlasti do smrti. Gruffudd je postavio temelje na kojima su velšku nezavisnost čuvali njegov sin Owain Gwynedd i praunuk Llywelyn Veliki.
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Literatura
- R.R. Davies (1991). The age of conquest: Wales 1063-1415. O.U.P. ISBN 0-19-820198-2.
- Simon Evans (1990). A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: the Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan. Llanerch Enterprises. ISBN 0-947992-58-8.
- Hudson, Benjamin T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic (Illustrated izd.). United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516237-4, ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
- Arthur Jones (1910). The history of Gruffydd ap Cynan: the Welsh text with translation, introduction and notes. Manchester University Press.. Translation online at The Celtic Literature Collective
- K.L. Maund (ed) (1996). Gruffudd ap Cynan: a collaborative biography. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-389-5.
- Kari Maund (ed) (2006). The Welsh kings:warriors, warlords and princes. Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2973-6.
- Paul Russell (ed) (2006). Vita Griffini Filii Conani: The Medieval Latin Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1893-2.
- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 176B-26, 239-5
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