Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group spoken in Chitral and Gilgit region of Pakistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Khowar is a Dardic language. It is spoken by 332,200 people. These people live in the upper Chitral District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Kho | |
---|---|
Khowar | |
کھوار | |
Native to | Pakistan |
Region | Chitral District |
Ethnicity | Kho people |
Native speakers | 1,000 (2004)[1] |
Nastaliq alphabet | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | khw |
ELP | Khowar |
Khowar has many loanwords taken from Hindustani, Persian, and Ghalchah. It also has words from Sanskrit and Ancient Greek.
In the 19th century, when the area was conquered by Hindustanis, many words from the Hindustani languages entered Kho, like afas from the Hindustani aas, which means hope; ruphi from the Hindustani rukna. which means to stop; usna from the Hindustani uthana, which means to lift up; and choghi from the Hindustani chori, which means to steal.
The Khowar alphabet is based on the Urdu alphabet.
Letter | Name of letter | Transcription | IPA |
---|---|---|---|
ا | alif | ā/aa, a, i, u | /ɑː/, /ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/ |
ب | be | b | /b/ |
پ | pe | p | /p/ |
ت | te | t | /t̪/ |
ٹ | ṭe | ṭ | /ʈ/ |
ث | se | (s) | /s/ |
ج | jīm | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
چ | če | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
ح | baṛī he | (h) | /h/ |
خ | xe | x | /x/ |
ݯ | çe | ç | /ʈ͡ʂ/ |
ݮ | ǰīm | ǰ | /ɖ͡ʐ/ |
څ | tse | c | /t͡s/ |
ځ | dze | dz/đ | /d͡z/ |
د | dāl | d | /d̪/ |
ڈ | ḍāl | ḍ | /ɖ/ |
ذ | zāl | (z) | /z/ |
ر | re | r | /r/ |
ڑ | ṛe | ṛ | /r~ɫ/ |
ز | ze | z | /z/ |
ژ | že | ž/zh | /ʒ/ |
ݱ | ẓ̌e | ẓ̌ | /ʐ/, /ʑ/ |
س | sīn | s | /s/ |
ش | šīn | š/sh | /ʃ/ |
ݰ | ṣīn | ṣ | /ʂ/, /ɕ/ |
ص | su'ād | (s) | /s/ |
ض | zu'ād | (z) | /z/ |
ط | to'e | (t) | /t/ |
ظ | zo'e | (z) | /z/ |
ع | ‘ain | ', a, i, u | /ʔ/, /ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/ |
غ | ǧain | ǧ/gh | /ɣ/ |
ف | fe | f | /f/ |
ق | qāf | q | /q/ |
ک | kāf | k | /k/ |
گ | gāf | g | /ɡ/ |
ل | lām | l | /l/ |
ڵ | łām | ł | /lʲ/ |
م | mīm | m | /m/ |
ن | nūn | n | /n/ |
ں | nūn ǧunnā | _̃ | /◌̃/ |
و | wā'o | w, o, au, or ū | /ʋ/, /oː/, /ɔ/ or /uː/ |
ہ | čoṭī he | h | /h/ |
ھ | do čašmī he | _h | /ʰ/ |
ء | hamza | ' | /ʔ/ |
ى | khowar ye | y, ī | /j/ or /iː/ |
ے | barī ye | ai or e | /ɛː/, or /eː/ |
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