|
|
Appearance | silver-gray |
---|
|
|
| 65.38(2)[1] |
---|
|
|
|
Group | group 12 |
---|
Period | period 4 |
---|
Block | d-block |
---|
Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 |
---|
Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 2 |
---|
|
Phase at STP | solid |
---|
Melting point | 692.68 K (419.53 °C, 787.15 °F) |
---|
Boiling point | 1180 K (907 °C, 1665 °F) |
---|
Density (near r.t.) | 7.14 g/cm3 |
---|
when liquid (at m.p.) | 6.57 g/cm3 |
---|
Heat of fusion | 7.32 kJ/mol |
---|
Heat of vaporization | 115 kJ/mol |
---|
Molar heat capacity | 25.470 J/(mol·K) |
---|
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T (K) |
610 |
670 |
750 |
852 |
990 |
1179 |
|
|
Oxidation states | −2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide) |
---|
Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.65 |
---|
Ionization energies | - 1st: 906.4 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1733.3 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3833 kJ/mol
- (more)
|
---|
Atomic radius | empirical: 134 pm |
---|
Covalent radius | 122±4 pm |
---|
Van der Waals radius | 139 pm |
---|
Spectral lines of zinc |
|
Natural occurrence | primordial |
---|
Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) |
---|
Speed of sound thin rod | 3850 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled) |
---|
Thermal expansion | 30.2 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) |
---|
Thermal conductivity | 116 W/(m⋅K) |
---|
Electrical resistivity | 59.0 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) |
---|
Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic |
---|
Molar magnetic susceptibility | −11.4·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[2] |
---|
Young's modulus | 108 GPa |
---|
Shear modulus | 43 GPa |
---|
Bulk modulus | 70 GPa |
---|
Poisson ratio | 0.25 |
---|
Mohs hardness | 2.5 |
---|
Brinell hardness | 327–412 MPa |
---|
CAS Number | 7440-66-6 |
---|
|
Discovery | Indian metallurgists (before 1000 BCE) |
---|
First isolation | Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1746) |
---|
Recognized as a unique metal by | Rasaratna Samuccaya (800) |
---|
|
|
Main isotopes[3] |
Decay |
|
abundance |
half-life (t1/2) |
mode |
product |
64Zn |
49.2% |
stable |
65Zn |
synth |
244 d |
β+ |
65Cu |
66Zn |
27.7% |
stable |
67Zn |
4% |
stable |
68Zn |
18.5% |
stable |
69Zn |
synth |
56 min |
β− |
69Ga |
69mZn |
synth |
13.8 h |
β− |
69Ga |
70Zn |
0.6% |
stable |
71Zn |
synth |
2.4 min |
β− |
71Ga |
71mZn |
synth |
4 h |
β− |
71Ga |
72Zn |
synth |
46.5 h |
β− |
72Ga |
|
|
Category: Zinc | references |