Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2, meaning Lunar Craft or Moon Craft, ( pronunciation ) is India's second moon mission after Chandrayaan-1.^[14] Made by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),^[15][16] the mission was launched from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2:43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III).^[8][9][17] A proper landing on the lunar south pole would make India the 4th country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after the space agencies of the USA, USSR, and China.^[18] The mission landing was expected on 7 September 2019 at 01:55 AM IST (6 September 2019, 20:25 UTC) ^[11][13] but crashed when it lost communication at a 2100 metre altitude.

Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2 composite
Mission type	Lunar orbiter, lander, rover
Operator	Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
COSPAR ID	2019-042A
SATCAT no.	44441
Website	www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0
Mission duration	Orbiter: > 1 year Vikram lander ≤ 14 days[1] Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days[1]
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer	Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Launch mass	Combined (wet): 3,850 kg (8,490 lb)[2][3][4] Combined (dry): 1,308 kg (2,884 lb)[5] Orbiter (wet): 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[3][4] Orbiter (dry): 682 kg (1,504 lb)[5] Vikram lander (wet): 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)[3][4] Vikram lander (dry): 626 kg (1,380 lb)[5] Pragyan rover: 27 kg (60 lb)[3][4]
Power	Orbiter: 1 kW (1.3 hp)[6] Vikram lander: 650 W (0.87 hp) Pragyan rover: 50 W (0.067 hp)
Start of mission
Launch date	22 July 2019, 14:43:12 IST (09:13:12 UTC)[7]
Rocket	GSLV Mk III[8][9]
Launch site	Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad
Contractor	Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Moon orbiter
Orbital insertion	20 August 2019, 09:02 IST (03:32 UTC) [10][11]
Orbit parameters
Periapsis	100 km (62 mi)[12]
Apoapsis	100 km (62 mi)[12]
Inclination	90° (polar orbit)
Moon lander
Spacecraft component	rover
Landing date	(Planned) 7 September 2019, 01:55 IST (6 September 2019, 20:25 UTC) [11][13]
Chandrayaan programme ← Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-3 →

History

On 12 November 2007, the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO agreed to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.^[19] ISRO would be in charge of the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to build the lander.^[20] The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.^[21][22]

Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 on schedule, the mission was moved to 2016 because Russia was unable to build the lander on time.^[23][24] When Russia decided it would not be able to build a lander by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission on its own.^[25][26][27]

The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was delayed.^[28][29] Two of the lander's legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019, making the launch date even later.^[30]

Goals

The main goals of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Studies of lunar topography,mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice are the scientific goals.^[31] The orbiter will survey the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also survey the surface while studying the water ice in the lunar south pole and thickness of the Lunar soil on the surface.^[32]