Gold
chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gold is a soft, dense, yellow metal. It is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Au. Its atomic number is 79. As a precious metal, it has been used for many thousands of years by people all over the world, for jewelry, and as money. Gold is important because it is rare, but also easier to use than other rare metals. It is also used to repair and replace teeth and in electronic equipment such as computers. The color of this metal is also called gold.
Mining methods for gold are similar to other metals. Gold is so valued that the discovery of a new place to mine has sometimes caused a gold rush. The deepest workplaces for miners in the world are in South African gold mines 4 km (2.5 miles) down.
Often, gold is found as a native metal. This means it is not part of an ore, and does not need smelting. It may be in large, pure nuggets but more often must be separated from other minerals and soil.
Most of the gold on Earth is deep inside the Earth's core because it is dense. Nearly all discovered gold was deposited on the surface by meteorites.
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Properties
In chemistry, gold is chemical element 79, a transition metal in Group 11. It has an atomic weight of 199.966 a.m.u. Its symbol is Au, from the Latin word for gold, aurum. It is a "noble metal" meaning it has low chemical reactivity. It will, however, react with aqua regia (a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid) to form chloroauric acid. Gold has only one stable isotope, 197Au. All other isotopes are radioactive and do not occur naturally. Most of them decay to mercury, platinum, or iridium.
Gold is very soft. It is malleable, meaning a goldsmith can hammer it into thin metal sheets. It is also ductile, which means it can be pulled into wire. When it is used in money or in jewelry, it is often alloyed with copper, silver, or both to make it harder.
Most metals are gray in color. Gold is yellow because of the way its electrons behave.[1][2] The only other metal in common use that has a non-gray color is copper. Caesium also has a gold-like color, but it is not commonly used as a metal because it reacts with water.
Gold is a fairly good electrical conductor, better than aluminium[a], but not as good as copper or silver. Copper and brass electrical connectors, especially those used with computer and audio/video equipment, are often plated with gold for corrosion resistance. Connectors that are intended for soldering are not made of gold because it makes the solder joint brittle. Gold is also a good heat conductor, although it is not commonly used for this purpose due to its cost.
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Language and culture
A gold medal is often the given to the first-place winner in a race or other sports.
The most important international currencies of the 19th century used the gold standard.
Something that is in some way good may be given gold status.
Gold can mean that something or someone is very good or has done very well.
Safety
Gold is one of the safest elements to handle, but the chemicals used to process it can be dangerous. Metallic gold is non-toxic, which is unusual for a heavy metal. Soluble gold compounds, however, are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Gold is non-flammable, even in a pure oxygen environment or when finely powdered. It does not react with most household or laboratory chemicals. Gold is commonly processed with cyanide, which is highly toxic. Most of the cyanide is destroyed in the production process, so it is not present in the final product, but it can be a hazard to workers in a gold processing plant. Illegally mined gold is often processed with, and contaminated with mercury. Since gold conducts electricity, gold jewelry should never be worn when working with electricity.
Mining
In 2022, China mined [10 or] "10.6 percent [330 tons] of global share"; Russia and Australia (each) mined 320 tons of gold.[3]
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