Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an British philosopher, and a prominent liberal political and social theorist of the Victorian era.

Herbert Spencer
Spencer at the age of 73
Born	(1820-04-27)27 April 1820 Derby, Derbyshire, England
Died	8 December 1903(1903-12-08) (aged 83) Brighton, Sussex, England
Nationality	British
Era	19th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Evolutionism, positivism, classical liberalism
Main interests	Evolution, positivism, laissez-faire, utilitarianism
Notable ideas	Social Darwinism Survival of the fittest
Influences Democritus, Aristotle, Charles Darwin, Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill, George Henry Lewes, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Thomas Henry Huxley
Influenced Charles Darwin, Dhondo Keshav Karve, Henry Sidgwick, William Graham Sumner, Murray Rothbard, Émile Durkheim, Henri Bergson, Charles Sanders Peirce, Auberon Herbert, Yan Fu, Jack London
Signature

Works

Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution. He saw evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies.

Spencer never married; he remained a bachelor. He contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, politics, philosophy, biology, sociology, and psychology.

Like Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, he read Malthus' Essay on the principle of population, and was deeply impressed by its argument.^[1] Malthus said that sooner or later population growth gets checked by famine and disease, and there are then many deaths.^[2] So, he was prepared for Darwin's idea of natural selection, which he preferred to call "survival of the fittest". He did this in Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.^[3][4]

"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ‘natural selection’, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life."

Spencer's term does strongly suggest natural selection, yet as he extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, Spencer made use of Lamarckism rather than natural selection, so it seems he was not a Darwinian after all. Others took up his social ideas, and drew the conclusion that it was useless to try and help the poor, and that competition without limits was the way society should go. Darwin himself did not accept these ideas,^[5] but they were quite widespread in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century.