Khazars

The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people. They formed an empire called Khazaria in Russia from the 6th to 10th century CE.^[6] They are said to have originated from the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Eurasian steppe, a vast plain encompassing Central Asia and southeastern Europe.^[7]

Khazar Khaganate Xəzər Xaqanlığı
c. 650–969
Khazar Khaganate, 650–850
Status	Khazar Khaganate
Capital	Balanjar (c. 650–720) Samandar (720s–750) Atil (750-c. 965–969)
Common languages	Khazar
Religion	Tengrism Buddhism Judaism[1] Christianity Paganism Islam Religious syncretism[2]
Khagan
• 618 – 628	Tong Yabghu
• 9th century	Bulan
• 9th century	Obadiah
• 9th century	Zachariah
• 9th century	Manasseh I
• 9th century	Benjamin
• 10th century	Aaron
• 10th century	Joseph
• 10th century	David of Taman
• 11th century	Georgius Tzul, or Georgios
History
• Established	c. 650
• Sack of Atil of Sviatoslav I of Kyiv	969
Area
850 est.[3]	3,000,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi)
900 est.[4]	1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi)
Population
• 7th century[5]	1,400,000
Currency	Yarmaq
Preceded by Succeeded by Turkic Khaganate Old Great Bulgaria Cumania Pechenegs

Overview

Khazaria was an international trading center. It was a hub on the Silk Road that linked ancient China, the Middle East and the Kievan Rus'.^[8][9] For three centuries (c. 650–965), the Khazars conquered the area from the Volga-Don steppes to Crimea and the Caucasus.^[8]

Khazaria was located between the Byzantine Empire, the steppe nomads and the Umayyad Caliphate. It helped the Byzantines defend itself from the Sasanian Persian empire. The alliance ended around 900.^[8] Between 965 and 969, the Kievan Rus replaced Khazaria.

Name

Khazar or Xazar may have come from *Qasar. The Turkic root qaz- means "to ramble, to roam" (used in Qazaqsa or Kazakh), similar to the Common Turkic kez-.^[10]

Some claimed that it came from qas- ("tyrannize, oppress, terrorize") because it is similar to the Uyghur name Qasar.^[11] Others see it as a person or tribe's name. For instance, the Chinese name Kesa for Khazars may be one of the tribal names of the Uyğur Toquz Oğuz of the Göktürks, namely the Gésà.^[10][12]

However, others say Kesa was not a tribal name but the name of the chief of the Sijie (思結) tribe of the Toquz Oğuz. In Middle Chinese, the name Khazars always comes before the word Tūjué (Tūjué Kěsà bù: 突厥可薩部; Tūjué Hésà: 突厥曷薩).^[13][14][15] Khazar language is extinct, while modern Turkic languages still refer to the Caspian Sea as the Khazar Sea.

Religions

Tengrism might have been the main religion of the Khazars just as the Huns and other Turkic tribes,^[10] while Abrahamic religions were popular as well.^[10] The Khazar ruling class is said to have converted to Judaism in the 8th or 9th century.^{[16][17][18][19][20]}

Language

No known records of the Khazar language have survived. The state was polyglot and polyethnic.^[21] The ruling elite probably spoke an eastern dialect of Shaz Turkic. The ordinary people may have spoken Lir Turkic, such as Oğuric, Bulğaric, Chuvash, and Hunnish. The Persian historian al-Iṣṭakhrī said that the Khazar language was different from any other known language.^[22][23] After some Khazars became Jewish, they^[who?] may have written in the Hebrew alphabet.^[24] Though they spoke a Türkic language, they might have also spoken Hebrew.^[25]

History

Origin

They appear to have come from Mongolia (蒙古) or northern China after the Xiōngnú (Huns)^{[dubious ]} were defeated by Han dynasty (漢朝) of China (Han–Xiongnu war). The tribes probably had Iranian,^[26] proto-Mongolic, Uralic and Palaeo-Siberians. The Turkic tribes might have conquered the Western Eurasian steppe as early as 463.^[10][27] In 552, they conquered the Rouran Khaganate (柔然汗國) and moved westwards, taking more people from Sogdia.^[28]

The ruling family might have come from the Āshǐnà (阿史那) clan of the West Türkic (西突厥) tribes.^[10] The Chinese and Arabic records are almost identical, indicating strong support for this theory. The leader might have been associated with Yǐpíshèkuì (乙毗射匱). He died around 651.^[28] Moving west, the Khazars reached Akatziroi,^[29] one of the important friends of Byzantium fighting Attila's army.

Khazaria

Khazaria is said to have emerged after 630.^[30] It is said to have come from the Göktürk Qağanate following their defeat by the Tang Dynasty (唐朝) between 630 and 650. The Göktürk armies conquered Volga by 549. The Āshǐnà clan whose tribal name was 'Türk' (the strong one) arrived in 552. They overthrew the Rourans and created the Göktürk Qağanate.^[31]

War with Tang Dynasty

The Chinese Tang Dynasty defeated the Turkic Qağanate and set up the Anxi protectorate (安西都護府) in Central Asia. The Khaganate split into several tribes.^[32] Some tribes went west to the Sea of Azov area. Ashina and the Khazars went further west. In 657, General Sū Dìngfāng (蘇定方) dominated the Turks and Central Asia. They imposed Chinese overlordship to the east of those Turkic tribes. In 659 the Chinese defeated the remaining tribes. The Khazars did not dare return.

War with Bulgars

Instead, the Khazars defeated the Bulgars further west.^[33][34] The Khazars Khaganate was then founded from the ruins of a nomadic empire destroyed by the Tang armies to the east,^[28] becoming the westernmost successor state of the Göktürks.

Later conquests

The Khazars conquered the lower Volga region and the area between the Danube and the Dniepr. In 670, they also conquered the Onoğur-Bulğar union^[35] and made the Onogur-Bulgar language the official language of the empire.^[28]

Khazar Empire

The empire is sometimes called steppe Atlantis (stepnaja Atlantida, Cyrillic: Степная Атлантида).^[10] Historians often refer to this period as Pax Khazarica. The state became an international center of trade.^[36] Ibn al-Balḫî wrote in Fârsnâma (c. 1100) that the Sasanian Shah (ruler), Ḫusraw 1, Anûsîrvân, said there were three kings who had as much power as he did: the King of China, the King of Byzantium, and the king of the Khazars.^[10][33]

Modern period

Despite the disappearance of the Khazars from history, theories about the Cossacks, Muslim Kumyks, Kazakhs, and European Jews having descended from the Khazars are widely circulated.^[37] Most scholars disagree with such theories.^[38] Particularly, the theory that European Jews mostly or only descended from the Khazars is commonly known as the Khazar myth, which is by now a disproven antisemitic conspiracy theory.^[39]

Decades of peer-reviewed genetic studies have found little or no scientific evidence for the Khazar myth.^{[40][41][42][43][44]} Yet, the Khazar myth is still widely promoted by far-right groups.

Related pages

• Bulgars
• Kipchaks
• Scythians
• Seljuk Empire
• Ottoman Empire