Luxembourg

For the province of Belgium, see Luxembourg (Belgium).

Luxembourg (officially called the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg) is a landlocked country in Western Europe.

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg  (Luxembourgish) Grand-Duché de Luxembourg  (French) Großherzogtum Luxemburg  (German)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn"  (Luxembourgish) "We want to remain what we are"
Anthem: Ons Heemecht "Our Homeland" Royal anthem: De Wilhelmus 1
Location of  Luxembourg  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Luxembourg 49°36′N 6°7′E
Official languages	Luxembourgish French German
Demonym(s)	Luxembourgers
Government	Unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy under a military junta
• Grand Duke	Henri (List)
• Prime Minister	Luc Frieden (List)
Legislature	Chamber of Deputies
Independence
• From French empire (Treaty of Paris)	9 June 1815
• 1st Treaty of London	19 April 1839
• 2nd Treaty of London	11 May 1867
• End of personal union	23 November 1890
Area
• Total	2,586.4 km2 (998.6 sq mi) (175th)
• Water (%)	0.60%
Population
• 2023 estimate	660,809[1] (170th)
• 2021 census	643,941
• Density	255/km2 (660.4/sq mi) (67th)
GDP (PPP)	2011 estimate
• Total	$41.221 billion[2] (94th)
• Per capita	$80,119[2] (2nd)
GDP (nominal)	2011 estimate
• Total	$58.412 billion[2] (69th)
• Per capita	$113,533[2] (1st)
HDI (2011)	0.867[3] very high · 25th
Currency	Euro (€)2 (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	352
ISO 3166 code	LU
Internet TLD	.lu3
Not the same as the Het Wilhelmus of the Netherlands. Before 1999: Luxembourgish franc. The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.

It is a small country by land area. In 2023, its population was 660,809, making it one of Europe's most densely populated countries.

It was one of the first countries in the European Union. It is also a member of the Benelux. The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France. The main language is Luxembourgish but French and German is also spoken there.

History timeline

• 963 - Luxembourg was founded. Sigefroid, Count of Ardennes, came to own the ruins of an old Roman fort called "Castellum Lucilinburhuc" ("Little Castle") from the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier.
• 1354 - The emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy.
• 1437 - There were no people in the ruling family alive. The castle was given to the Habsburgs.
• 1443 - Luxembourg was captured by Philip of Burgundy.
• 1482 - Mary of Burgundy died. Luxembourg was ruled by the Habsburgs again.
• 1795 - After the French revolution Luxembourg was taken over by France. It became a département of France.
• 1815 - Luxembourg became a grand duchy. It was ruled by the king of the Netherlands.
• 1815-1866 - Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation.
• 1890 - After the death of William III, Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg.
• 1914-1918 - Luxembourg was conquered by Germany during World War I.
• 1940 - The Germans returned during World War II, and in 1942 Luxembourg became part of the Third Reich.
• 1944 - Luxembourg became independent in September because the United States Army arrived.
• 1945 - Luxembourg joined the United Nations
• 1957 - Luxembourg became one of the first six members of the European Economic Community. That is now called the European Union.
• 2020 - Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.^[4]

Politics

Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.

Climate

Luxembourg has a continental climate.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was 40.8 °C (105.4 °F), on 25 July 2019 in Steinsel.^[5]

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 2 February 1956 in Wiltz.

Top 5 warmest days

Rank	Temperature	Date	Location
1.	40.8 °C (105.4 °F)	25 July 2019	Steinsel
2.	40.6 °C (105.1 °F)	12 August 2003	Schengen
3.	40.5 °C (104.9 °F)	19 July 2022	Esch-sur-Alzette
4.	39.4 °C (102.9 °F)	8 August 2003	Remich
5.	39.0 °C (102.2 °F)	9 August 2020	Esch-sur-Alzette

Districts, cantons, and communes

The cantons of Luxembourg

Luxembourg is divided into twelve cantons. These twelve cantons are divided into 102 communes (towns or cities), which have local governments.

Districts

Until 2015, Luxembourg's cantons were sorted into three districts. These are not to be confused with the electoral districts of Luxembourg, which are used to elect members of the parliament.

The districts were:

1. Diekirch
2. Grevenmacher
3. Luxembourg

Related pages

• List of rivers of Luxembourg
• Luxembourg at the Olympics
• Luxembourg national football team

References

1. [0=Th%C3%A8mes%2C1%7CPopulation%20et%20emploi%23B%23%7CEtat%20de%20la%20population%23B1%23&pg=0&fc=Th%C3%A8mes&df[ds]=ds-release&df[id]=DF_B1102&df[ag]=LU1&df[vs]=1.0&pd=2015%2C2023&dq=A..&ly[rw]=AGE&ly[cl]=SEX&lo=1 "Population par âge et sexe au 1er janvier"] Archived 2023-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, Le Portail des statistiques: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 18 April 2023. (in French) Retrieved 26 April 2023.
2. "Luxembourg". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
3. "Human Development Report 2011" (PDF). United Nations. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
4. Abnett, Kate (29 February 2020). "Luxembourg becomes first country to make public transport free". Reuters. Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
5. "Luxembourg scorches on hottest day ever". Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-02-12.