The money supply (or money stock) is the total value of money available in an economy at a point of time. There are many ways to define "money". Normal measures usually include currency in circulation and demand deposits.[1][2] Each country’s central bank may use its own definitions of what they consider to be money for its purposes.
Money supply data is recorded and published. It is done usually by the government or the central bank of the country. Public and private sector analysts look at changes in the money supply. This is because they believe that changes affect the price level of securities, inflation, the exchange rates and the business cycle.[3]
Money is used as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and as a ready store of value.
The different types of money are typically classified as "M"s. The "M"s usually range from M0 (narrowest) to M3 (broadest) but which "M"s are actually focused on in policy formulation depends on the country's central bank. The typical layout for each of the "M"s is as follows:
| Type of money | M0 | MB | M1 | M2 | M3 | MZM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Notes and coins in circulation (outside Federal Reserve Banks and the vaults of depository institutions) (currency) | ✓[4] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Notes and coins in bank vaults (vault cash) | ✓ | |||||
| Federal Reserve Bank credit (required reserves and excess reserves not physically present in banks) | ✓ | |||||
| Traveler's checks of non-bank issuers | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Demand deposits | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Other checkable deposits (OCDs), which consist primarily of negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts at depository institutions and credit union share draft accounts. | ✓[5] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Savings deposits | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Time deposits less than $100,000 and money-market deposit accounts for individuals | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Large time deposits, institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase and other larger liquid assets[6] | ✓ | |||||
| All money market funds | ✓ |
- M0: In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, M0 includes bank reserves, so M0 is referred to as the monetary base, or narrow money.[7]
- MB: is referred to as the monetary base or total currency.[4] This is the base from which other forms of money (like checking deposits, listed below) are created and is traditionally the most liquid measure of the money supply.[8]
- M1: Bank reserves are not included in M1.
- M2: Represents M1 and "close substitutes" for M1.[9] M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. M2 is a key economic indicator used to forecast inflation.[10]
- M3: M2 plus large and long-term deposits. Since 2006, M3 is no longer published by the US central bank.[11] However, there are still estimates produced by various private institutions.
- MZM: Money with zero maturity. It measures the supply of financial assets redeemable at par on demand. Velocity of MZM is historically a relatively accurate predictor of inflation.[12][13][14]
The ratio of a pair of these measures, most often M2 / M0, is called an (actual, empirical) money multiplier.
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
