Participle

In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives.^[1] Examples of participle formation are:

Verb	Past Simple	Past Participle	Present Participle	Regular/ Irregular
to hire	hired		hiring	regular
to do	did	done	doing	irregular
to say	said		saying
to eat	ate	eaten	eating
to write	wrote	written	writing
to beat	beat	beaten	beating
to sing	sang	sung	singing
to see	saw	seen	seeing

As noun-modifiers, participles usually precede the noun (like adjectives), but in many cases they can or must follow it:

• The visiting dignitaries devoured the baked apples.
• Please bring all the documents required. (= Please bring all the documents that are required.)
• The difficulties encountered were nearly insurmountable. (= The difficulties that were encountered were nearly insurmountable.)

Present participles

The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund, but the gerund acts as a noun rather than a verb or a modifier. The word sleeping in Your job description does not include sleeping is a gerund and not a present participle.

While English past participles, like past tense forms, are sometimes irregular, all English present participles are regular, being formed with the suffix -ing. The present participle in English is in the active voice and is used for:

• forming the progressive aspect: Jim was sleeping.^[2]
• modifying a noun as an adjective: Let sleeping dogs lie. (= Let dogs that are sleeping lie.)
• modifying a verb or sentence in clauses: Broadly speaking, the project was successful.

Past participles

The past participle may be used in both active and passive voices:

• forming the perfect: The chicken has eaten.
• forming the passive voice: The chicken was eaten.
• modifying a noun, with active sense: our fallen comrades (= our comrades who have fallen)
• modifying a noun, with passive sense: the attached files (= the files that have been attached)
• modifying a verb or sentence, with passive sense: Seen from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution. (= When it is seen from this perspective,....)

Passive participles

Passive participles reflect past action in the passive voice, for example

• The dog, having been praised by its master, was happy, or more commonly, The dog, praised by its master, was happy.

Even irregular past participle verbs often follow the format -en or -ne, as may be seen from above. For examples:

Verb	Past Participle
to beat	beaten
to do	done
to eat	eaten
to fall	fallen
to give	given
to help	holpen [3]
to show	shown
to see	seen
to write	written