Pink tide

21st century success of left-leaning Latin American leaders From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pink tide
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The pink tide (Spanish: marea rosa, Portuguese: onda rosa, French: marée rose), or the turn to the left (Spanish: giro a la izquierda, Portuguese: volta à esquerda, French: tournant à gauche), was a political wave and influence of left-wing governments in Latin American with a second pink tide starting in the late 2010s.

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Map of Latin America shows countries with members of the São Paulo Forum ruling parties (red) and non-São Paulo Forum ruling parties (blue) in 2011 (left), 2018 (center), and 2022 (right).
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Background

The pink tide showed some countries moving away from the neoliberal economic model at the start of the 21st century. During this wave, many Latin and South American countries supported economic progressive or social progressive policies.[1][2][3]

Decline

The pink tide was followed by the conservative wave, a political wave that began in the early 2010s as a direct reaction to the pink tide, in which many pink tide countries later elected conservative presidents.[4][5]

Some saw the death of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez with the rise of this replacement Nicolas Maduro, the impeachment of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, the election of Mauricio Macri as President of Argentina and Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa's retirement as key reasons for the pink tide's decline and the rise of the conservative wave.[6][7]

Second pink tide

A second pink tide has been seen in the late 2010s to early 2020s as there was a rise in left-wing politicians being elected presidents.[8][9] It was first seen in Mexico in 2018 and Argentina in 2019. Other left-wing victories were later seen in Bolivia in 2020,[10] along with Peru in 2021,[11] Honduras in 2021,[12] Chile in 2021,[13] Colombia in 2022,[14] and Brazil in 2022.[15]

Many violent protests against austerity laws and income inequality, starting in 2019 such as with the 2019–20 Chilean protests, 2019–2020 Colombian protests, 2019 Ecuadorian protests, and the 2021 Colombian protests, are seen as key factors for the pink tide's return.[16]

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Pink tide leaders

These are the left-wing and centre-left presidents who were elected during the pink tide in Latin America since 1999. Centre-left presidents have a * next to them.

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References

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