Spanish language in the Philippines

Spanish was the only official language of the Philippines for over 300 years when it was ruled by Spain, from the late 1500s to 1898. After that, it became a co-official language with English when the USA ruled the country. Even after the Philippines became independent in 1946, Spanish stayed as an official language, along with Filipino (Tagalog) and English. In 1973, it was taken out as an official language by a change in the constitution. But, after a short time, it became an official language again because of a decision by the president. In 1987, with the new Philippine constitution, Spanish was named an "optional and voluntary language".^[1][2]

Official copy of the "Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino", the Philippine Declaration of Independence

Emilio Aguinaldo speaks Spanish in 1929

During the time when the Philippines was ruled by Spain (1565–1898), Spanish was used in government, newspapers, business, schools, and the arts. In the middle of the 19th century, the Spanish government started a free school system. This led to a group of educated Filipinos who spoke Spanish, called the Ilustrados. Famous men in this group were José Rizal, Antonio Luna, and Marcelo del Pilar. When Spanish rule ended, many people in the cities and from rich families could speak Spanish. But, most of the country's people did not know the language.^[3]

The country's first official language was in the Malolos Constitution of the First Philippine Republic in 1899. It was used a lot during the first years of the U.S. rule from 1898 to 1946. But over time, the American government started to prefer English over Spanish. They saw Spanish as a bad part of the past. By the 1920s, English became the main language for the government and schools.^[4] Even after the Philippines became independent in 1946, Spanish became less important. In 1973, it was no longer an official language. Now, Spanish is not used much in daily life. Some Filipinos are interested in learning it again or bringing it back, but the number of people who speak it is getting smaller. In 2020, about 400,000 Filipinos (less than 0.5% of the people) could speak Spanish well.^[5]

The Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española controls the Spanish language in the Philippines. It is part of the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, which controls the Spanish language around the Spanish-speaking world.

List of Spanish words of Philippine origin

Even though Spanish has influenced the languages of the Philippines the most with many loanwords, the Philippinic languages have also given some words to Spanish.

Here are some Philippine-origin words found in the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española, the dictionary made by the Real Academia Española:^[6]

Spanish loan word	Origin	Tagalog	English equivalent
abacá	Old Tagalog: abacá	abaká	abacá
baguio	Old Tagalog: baguio	bagyo	typhoon or hurricane
barangay	Old Tagalog: balan͠gay	baranggay/barangay	barangay
bolo	Old Tagalog: bolo	bolo	bolo
carabao	Waray-Waray: carabáo	kalabáw	carabao
caracoa	Visayan: karakoa	karakaw	karakoa, a war canoe
cogón	Old Tagalog: cogón	kogón	cogon
dalaga	Old Tagalog: dalagà	dalaga	single, young woman
gumamela	Old Tagalog: gumamela	gumamela	Chinese hibiscus
nipa	Visayan: nipà	nipa	nipa palm
paipay	Old Tagalog: paypay or pay-pay	pamaypay	a type of fan
palay	Old Tagalog: palay	palay	raw rice
pantalán	Cebuano: pantalán	pantalán	wooden pier
salisipan	Old Tagalog: salicipan	salisipan	salisipan, a pirate ship
sampaguita	Old Tagalog: sampaga	sampagita	jasmine
sawali	Old Tagalog: sauali	sawali	sawali, a woven bamboo mat
tuba	Cebuano: tuba	tuba	palm wine
yoyó	Ilocano: yoyó	yo-yó	yo-yo

Related pages

• Chavacano — a creole language based on Spanish spoken in Cavite City, Ternate, and Zamboanga City
• Philippine Spanish — an extinct Philippine variant of the Spanish language