Rhashiya

Rhashiya (Chirhashiya: Россия, Rossiya) kana Rufedherari rwe Rhashiya, iziwumbemhiri renyika inotora Mabvirazuva e Yuropu ne Maodzanyemba e Ezhiya. Ndiyo nyika ikurusa pasirose ne unda hwunofukidza 17,098,246 skweya makiromita (6,601,670 sk mi), uye inotora kamotsi-ka-sere (1/8th) hwe nzvimboguru (landmass) yepanogarika pe Rinopasi. Rhashiya inotandavara kukirosa mazoni enguva echiguminerimwe uye inoganhurana ne nyika guminena ne ivhu (wakawanda pasirose, pamwe ne Chayina). Rhashiya ino gova miganhu yakafaruka ne dzimwe nyika mbiri, uye iri pachinzvimbo che chipfumbambwe chenyika dzine huwandu hukurusa hwe vanhu pasirose uye muYuropu, nehuwandu hwe vanhu unosvika 146 miriyoni. Gutaguru rayo uye guta rikurukuru iMoskowu, ndiro rikurukuru muYuropu yose. Musande Petrobhegi (Saint Petersburg) iri pachipakati chetsika ye Rhashiya uye guraguru rechipiri. Mamwe maunda ari ebheni makuru anosanganisa Novhosibhirisuki (Novosibirsk), Yekaterinibhegi (Yekaterinburg), Nizhini Novhugorodhi (Nizhny Novgorod) ne Kazani.

Rufedherari rwe Rhashiya
Chirhashiya:	Россия, Rossiya

Nhoroondo

Muzana remakore rechi7-9, madzinza eEast Slavic akatama kubva munharaunda yeVukireni yemazuva ano kuenda kunharaunda yekumadokero kweRhashiya yemazuva ano akagara pano. MuMiddle Ages, nyika dzenyika mbiri idzi dzaive chikamu chenyika imwe chete, iyo guta guru raiva Kyiv. Muzana remakore rechi12, Kievan state yakatanga kuparara kuva vatongi vakasiyana. Muzana remakore rechi12, Yuri Dolgoruky, mwanakomana wechitanhatu weKievan muchinda Volodymyr Monomakh, akanga asina kodzero yekugara pachigaro uye saka akaronga kukunda nyika dziri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva.

Nokudaro, pakati pezana remakore rechi12, madzinza eSlavic akazviwana ari munyika dzeCentral Rhashiya. Vasati vasvika, nzvimbo yeMoscow, yakatangwa naDolgoruky senzvimbo duku yekugara, yakagarwa nemarudzi ari pedyo neFinnns yemazuva ano. Hondo yakatanga pakati peVladimir-Suzdal principality (Central Rhashiya) neKiev, iyo yakatungamirira mukuparadzaniswa kwayo kubva kuKievan state^[1]।

Alexander Nevsky - baba wokutanga muchinda Moscow

Mushure mekurwisa kwaBatu muna 1240, mutungamiri wevakuru vekuchamhembe, Alexander Nevsky, akava mwanakomana waBatu, uye kubatanidzwa kwaAlexander muhondo kudivi reHorde kwakatungamirira kumwanakomana wake ane makore 16 Daniil kuva mutungamiriri wekutanga weMoscow, izvo zvakatungamirira kukuvandudzwa kweRussia yemazuva ano.Rimwe guta guru rekare muRhashiya yemazuva ano raiva Veliky Novgorod, iyo yaigara ichirwisana neMoscow uye yakakundwa neMoscow muna 1478 chete.

Marudzi emangwana eVukireni neBelarusian akazoparadzana kubva kune ramangwana reRhashiya muzana remakore rechi14, achiva chikamu cheGrand Duchy yeLithuania (kusvikira muzana remakore rechi18, vanhu vaviri ava vakanga vari pedyo, uye kunyange ikozvino mazwi emutauro weVukireni neBelarusian anoenderana ne84%). Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi15, Golden Horde yakanga yaparara muCrimea Kingdom, Astrakhan neKazan Kingdoms, uye Rhashiya, iyo yakaramba ichirwa hondo dzechisimba kune vavakidzani vayo, kunyanya kurwisana neGrand Duchy yeLithuania. Hondo dzaiwanzoitika kuti ive neguta reSmolensk. Vanhu veRhashiya vakabuda muEast Slavic marudzi uye vakaumba nyika yakaparadzana panguva yeMuscovite state muzana ramakore rechi 16^[2][3][4][5].

The Principality yeMoscow - mwoyo weRussia

Muzana remakore rechi15-16, boka revakuru veVukireni rakaumbwa - Cossacks, varwi vaidzivirira nyika kubva pakurwiswa nevavakidzani. Vanhu vekuRhashiya vemazuva ano vakauya kunyika dzeUkraine muzana remakore rechi17, uye panguva yekurwisana kwevaUkraine nekuda kwekusununguka kwavo uye kuramba nechisimba chePoland che1648-1654 pasi pehutungamiri hwaBohdan Khmelnytsky, chibvumirano neRussia chakapedzwa muna 1654^[6].

Vanhu vekuVukireni vaisaonekwa sevagari vemo uye vaigara vachiendeswa kumabasa ekumanikidzwa mukati meRhashiya, vachityora chibvumirano cha1654. (10,000 vokuUkrainian vakafa nemamiriro ezvinhu asina utsanana panguva yekuvakwa kweLadoga Canal.) Izvi zvakakonzera kumukira kwaHetman Ivan Mazepa muna 1708, uyo akaputsa ukama neRussia ndokutsvaka dziviriro kubva kuSweden^[7]

Kurongeka kwaValuev muna 1863: "Hakuna kumbove, hakufaniri kuva, uye hakugoni kuva nemutauro weUkraine, uye ani nani asingabvumirani nemashoko aya muvengi weRussia."

Muna 1775, Rhashiya yakaparadza maVukireni Cossacks nenhare yavo, iyo Sich, iyo yakatungamirira kuuranda hwevaUkraine uye maitiro eruusification - kuparadzwa kwepamutemo kwemutauro weUkraine uye tsika neRhashiya. Mienzaniso yakakurumbira yemutemo uyu ndeye Ems Decree (Эмский указ) uye mutemo weRussia Gurukota rezvemukati menyika Piotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), iyo yairambidza vanhu vekuVukireni kushandisa mutauro wavo^[8].

1914 Emperor Nicholas II akarambidza kupemberera kwegore rezana rekuzvarwa kwemunyori ane mukurumbira wekuUkraine Taras Shevchenko muHumambo hweRhashiya ^[9]

Mukutanga kwa1917, Chimurenga chaFebruary chakatungamirwa naAlexander Kerensky chakapidigura humambo ndokuzivisa Rhashiya serepublic, zvichipa vanhu vazhinji vaimbodzvinyirirwa mukana wekurwira rusununguko rwavo^{[10] [11]}

Mushure mekutonga mukupera kwa1917, Vladimir Lenin akazivisa hondo yevagari vemo mune yaimbove Humambo hweRhashiya, chikamu chayo yaive hondo yakaitika muna 1917-1921 pakati peVukireni People's Republic neSoviet Rhashiya, zvakakonzera kupatsanurwa kweUkraine pakati pePoland neRhashiya (kubva muna 1922 neSoviet Union)^[12]

Muna 1932-1933, hurumende yeSoviet yaitungamirirwa naJoseph Stalin yakaita Holodomor (nzara yekugadzira), iyo nyika dzakawanda dzakaona sekuuraya rudzi rwevanhu vekuVukireni uye yakauraya vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni gumi^[13]

Mepu yemisasa yevasungwa yeGulag yakaonekwa panguva yehudzvanyiriri hwaStalin

Muna 1937, NKVD (yakazotumidzwa zita rekuti Bazi reMukati meSoviet Union) yakapfura vazhinji vevamiriri veVukireni intelligentsia, nyanzvi dzetsika, uye masayendisiti, uye zvakasara zvavo zvakavigwa muchivande muSango reBykivnyan, uko chiyeuchidzo chakavakwa mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union^[14]

Muna 1941-1945, nyika yakagarwa zvachose nevaNazi, wese wechishanu wevagari vekuVukireni akafa. Mumakore ekuma1960-1980, hurumende yeSoviet yakaita dzvinyiriro pamusoro pevanopikisa, vapikisi, kuvaendesa kumajeri nekuvaisa muzvipatara zvepfungwa, mupikisi anozivikanwa zvikuru kubva kuVukireni aiva Vasyl Stus.Musoro wenzara nekudzvinyirirwa wakarambidzwa kunyange pakukurukurwa kwepachivande muUSSR. . Muna 1985-1991, Soviet Union yakaparara, uye pana August 24, 1991, Vukireni yakazivisa rusununguko^{[15] [16]}

Mushure menguva yechitatu yaVladimir Putin musimba muna 2012, Rhashiya yakatanga kudzvanya kukuru pakusununguka kutaura ndokutanga kuunganidza mauto pedyo nematunhu ekumabvazuva kweVukireni. Kuti achengetedze simba, Mutungamiriri weUkrainian Viktor Yanukovych akakumbira Putin kuti atumire mauto nekupinda muVukireni muna 2013, zvichikonzera kuratidzira kunozivikanwa seEuromaidan.

Musi waFebruary 20, 2014, Yanukovych paaiva muKyiv, Rhashiya yakatanga kutora nzvimbo yayo yeCrimea peninsula iri kumaodzanyemba kweVukireni, yakazopa Yanukovych chengetedzo paakatiza munyika yacho. Musi waApril 12, 2014, Rhashiya yakatanga hondo kumabvazuva kweVukireni apo mauto aitungamirirwa nemukuru weRhashiya Federal Security Service Igor Girkin akarwisa guta reSloyansk. Musi waApril 13, Vukireni yakatanga chirongwa chekurwisa magandanga - ATO^{[17] [18][19][20]}

Donetsk airport yakaparadzwa neuto reRussia panguva yekugara kweguta muna 2014

Kusvika 2022, Rhashiya, kuburikidza nechipopi "Donetsk People's Republic", mutongi wekutanga aive wezvematongerwo enyika weMoscow Alexander Borodai, akarwa hondo yakavanzika neVukireni, iyo pakazosvika 2022 yakanga yawedzera kuita hondo yakazara. Kuratidzira kwakawanda kwekurwisa hondo kwakaitika muRussia, uko kwakadzvinyirirwa nemasevhisi akakosha^{[21] [22] [23] [24]}

MuVukireni, Rhashiya iri kupara mhosva dzakakomba dzehondo, dzakadai sekuputika nzvimbo dzekugara, kuparadzwa zvachose kwemaguta akadai seMariupol, uye kutambudzwa kwevanhuwo zvavo nekuda kwechimiro chavo chepro-Vukireni, kusanganisira kutambudzwa mudzimba dzepasi. Mhosva yakaipisisa yakanangana nevagari vemuVukireni kupfura muBucha, kwakaitwa munaKurume 2022^[25].^[26]

Munzvimbo dzakatorwa, maRhashiya akatanga kuparadza kukuru kwezvinyorwa zvemutauro weUkraine kubva kumasangano ezvidzidzo, mamiziyamu, uye maraibhurari asingaenderane nemutemo weRussia, uye vakagadzira hurongwa hwe "filtration" misasa umo vagari vakasungwa nekutambudzwa^{[27] [28] [29]}. Uye nyaya yakanyorwa nomuzivi wokuRhashiya Timofey Sergeytsev, “Zvinofanira Kuitwa neRhashiya muVukireni,” (Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной) yakanzi “bhuku rokuRussia rinotaura nezvokupondwa kwemarudzi” nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda^{[30] [31]}