Quốc huy Hungary

Quốc huy Hungary hiện tại được ban hành vào tháng 7 năm 1990, sau khi chế độ xã hội chủ nghĩa tại Hungary sụp đổ. Phần phía trên của quốc huy là vương miện Thần thánh Hungary với cây thánh giá bị nghiêng. Vương miện này được gửi đến từ thành La Mã cho vị vua đầu tiên trong lịch sử Hungary: vua István I lên ngôi năm 1000. Bốn đường kẻ ngang màu bạc tượng trưng cho bốn con sống chính ở Hungary.

Quốc huy Hungary
Phiên bản
Achievements, which may also be used in other historical forms.[1]
Quốc kỳ Hungary không bao gồm quốc huy Hungary, nhưng phiên bản có quốc huy thường được sử dụng trong các dịp lễ trang trọng.
Chi tiết
Thuộc sở hữu	Hungary (tiểu quốc huy) Tamás Sulyok, Tổng thống Hungary (đại quốc huy với hai thiên thần) Viktor Orbán, Thủ tướng Hungary (đại quốc huy với cành)
Được thông qua	11 tháng 7 năm 1990[2]
Đỉnh	Vương miện Thần thánh Hungary
Huy hiệu trên khiên	Barry of eight Gules and Argent, impaling Gules, on a trimount Vert a ducal coronet Or issuing therefrom a Patriarchal cross Argent

Lịch sử

Danh sách quốc huy của Hungary

Thời kỳ quân chủ

	Xuất hiện vào triều đại của Quốc vương Béla III của Hungary (1172–1196).[3][4]
	The red and white stripes were the heraldic symbol of the House of Árpád, first appeared in 1202, in the coat of arms of King Emeric's (trị. 1196–1204) seal.[3] This was the coat of arms of Emeric used on his 1202 golden bull. It shows nine lions.[5]
	On the Golden Bull of 1222, issued by Andrew II (trị. 1205–1235), the stripes contain seven lions.[6] The lion is a widespread symbol of royal power.[3]
	The coat of arms of Stephen V (trị. 1270–1272) was a red triangle curved on all sides bordered by silver and black lines. At the bottom there's a green trimount on a red field, from which a silver double-cross erects. On the lower part of it, there is a green wreath.[7]
	Coat of arms of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290)
	Andrew III (trị. 1290–1301) used a red triangle-shaped shield with a curved side and a silver and black frame as his coat of arms. In the middle it contained the usual double-cross in silver color, but with a green wreath around the lower part and a pointed bottom. At the top on the left side it features a silver crescent, while on the left side, a silver six-pointed star.[8]
	The seal of Wenceslaus III (trị. 1301–1305) shows the simple double cross with green trimount. After the extinction of the male branch of the Árpád dynasty in 1301, the claimants to the throne from the female branch of the dynasty used the double cross to signify their claim to the Hungarian royal title.[3]
	When the House of Árpád became extinct and the Angevins came into power, they wanted to emphasize their legitimacy and their matrilineal relation to the previous royal house by using the Árpáds' coat of arms, the red and white stripes. Charles I combined this coat of arms per pale with the Angevins' fleur-de-lis.
	King Louis I
	Great coat of arms of King Matthias. In the middle are personal coat of arms of Matthias Corvinus (Quartered: 1. Hungary's two-barred cross, 2. Árpád dynasty, 3. Bohemia, and 4. Hunyadi family) and that of his wife Beatrice of Naples (Quartered: 1. and 4. Árpád dynasty – France ancient – Jerusalem Impaled; 2. and 3. Aragon), above them a royal crown. On the outer edge there are coat of arms of various lands, beginning from the top clockwise they are: Bohemia, Luxemburg, Lower Lusatia, Moravia, Austria, Galicia–Volhynia, Silesia, Dalmatia-Croatia, Beszterce county.
	Louis I of Hungary quartered the red and white stripes of the Árpáds with the double cross on the trimount. This design was also used by John Zápolya, with his family arms in an inescutcheon.
	The two coats of arms are often shown side by side in the 15th century. Their combination per pale, with the stripes on the dexter side and the cross with trimount on the sinister first appeared on coins during the reign of Vladislaus I (trị. 1440–1444),[cần dẫn nguồn] and later on coins of Matthias Corvinus (trị. 1458–1490). The crown above the coat of arms also appeared during the reign of Vladislaus I. At first it was only a non-specific diadem but on the 1464 seal of Matthias Corvinus it resembled more the Holy Crown of Hungary. The modern version of the coat of arms developed during the reign of Matthias II in the beginning of the 17th century. Its usage became regular during the reign of Maria Theresa.
	During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, following the dethroning of the Habsburg dynasty on 14 April 1849, the Holy Crown was removed from the coat of arms. The remaining small coat of arms is usually referred to as the "Kossuth Coat of Arms" (tiếng Hungary: Kossuth-címer) after Lajos Kossuth, Regent-President of Hungary (so unlike the name suggests, it was not the coat of arms of the Kossuth family). In the large coat of arms, however, a laurel wreath replaced the crown both in the central piece and above the shield, as shown on the adjacent image.
	In the following centuries, the coat of arms of Hungary became more and more complex. It included the coats of arms of the territories which were part of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen: Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia,[9] and Bosnia, but the so-called "small coat of arms" always remained the central piece. (The more complex ones were called "medium" and "large coat of arms".) The adjacent image shows the medium coat of arms, in official use (with some modifications) from the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 till the end of World War I (1918). The outer pieces (anti-clockwise from top left) are the coats of arms of Dalmatia, Slavonia, Bosnia (added in 1915), Fiume, Transylvania, and Croatia. When Hungary became part of the Habsburg monarchy, the coat of arms became a part of that of the Monarchy, but later it became of marginal importance and during the reign of Joseph II – who did not even have himself crowned with the Holy Crown – it was omitted from the coins.
	Used from 1915 to 1918. After the revolution was repressed, the Hungarian coat of arms was not used again until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, when the small coat of arms with the crown once more became a part of a more complex coat of arms, similar to the medium coat of arms shown above. The Hungarian arms also became part of the combined coat of arms of Austria-Hungary.

Từ thế kỷ 20

	Sau Chiến tranh thế giới thứ nhất, Đệ Nhất Cộng hòa Hungary ban hành quốc huy mới, gần như giống với "tiểu quốc huy" cũ nhưng loại bỏ các yếu tố quân chủ.
	The Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919 totally abolished the traditional coat of arms and used the communist five-pointed red star on official documents. After the fall of the communists, the Kossuth coat of arms was used for a short while.
	After the restoration of the kingdom, the small coat of arms (with the Holy Crown and the two angels) became official until the First Vienna Award in 1938, when the government started to use the 1915 coat of arms officially again.
	During the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany in 1944–1945 at the end of World War II, the puppet government formed by the fascist[10] Arrow Cross Party added the letter "H" (for Hungaria) and the Arrow Cross symbol to it.
	Following the military forces of Nazi Germany in Hungary being defeated by the Red Army, Soviet military occupation ensued, eventually leading to the creation of a communist government in Hungary. Between 1946 and 1949 the Kossuth-style coat of arms was used, then the Hungarian People's Republic introduced a new state coat of arms in line with socialist heraldry, with a layout closely resembling that of the Soviet Union's.
	During the 1956 revolution, the "Kossuth" Coat of Arms was used again. In old newsreels, the Kossuth badge can be seen painted onto the turrets of many revolutionary tanks fighting against the Soviet invasion in the streets of Budapest.[cần dẫn nguồn] Although this revolution was crushed quickly by the Soviet Army, the new Communist government did not reinstate the 1949–1956 coat of arms, and thus this coat of arms was used for about a year.
	A new coat of arms was created in late 1957, incorporating a more traditional heraldic escutcheon (bearing the Hungarian red-white-green tricolor) into the wreath-and-red-star framework of socialist heraldry. Its usage ended with the adoption of the current coat of arms in 1990.
	Từ năm 1990, tiểu quốc huy với vương miện là quốc huy của Hungary. Quốc hội dân chủ đầu tiên tranh luận về việc giữ hay bỏ Vương miện trong quốc huy. Liên minh Dân chủ Tự do thuộc phe đối lập đề xuất sử dụng phiên bản kiểu Kossuth không có Vương miện, nhưng Chính phủ quyết định sử dụng quốc huy của chế độ quân chủ.[11]

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• Quốc kỳ Hungary