中国人民解放军空军基地列表

中国人民解放军空军基地列表列出中国人民解放军空军现役空军基地列表。列表当中包括军用机场以及军民混合机场。

此列表中每个条目的信息应包括：

1. 名称:机场军事部分的官方名称（如果已知），或者机场本身（如果军事专用名称未知）。
2. 隶属:空军基地所属的上层指挥部，多数是中国人民解放军各战区空军，也有少部分是其他单位。
3. 坐标:机场坐标
4. 跑道:可用主要跑道的方向和长度
5. 注释:关于基地的其他相关信息，包括启用和停用的年份以及驻扎主要单位和飞机类型
6. 参考:引用的一般空军基地信息。对特定注释的引用应直接添加到相关注释中。

列表

基地名	隶属	座标	跑道	注释	来源
安庆基地	东部战区空军	30°35′00″N 117°03′00″E	06/24	空28团、东部战区空军第10轰炸机师 (H-6K)	[1][2]
鞍山基地	北部战区空军	41°6′21″N 122°51′14″E	02/20	空1旅 (J-11、J-20, Su-27)	[1]
白莲基地	南部战区空军	24°12′28″N 109°23′29″E	16/34	空126旅 (歼轰-7)	[1]
白市驿基地	南部战区空军 西部战区空军	29°29′45″N 106°21′33″E	01/19	空98旅(歼-11, 歼-16, Su-27) (南部战区) 空99旅(J-7II, JJ-7A) (西部战区)	[1]
白塔埠基地	东部战区空军	34°34′19″N 118°52′26″E	03/21	空95旅(J-11B，2012~) 空57团(2010~2012)	[1]
北陵基地	军工厂	41°52′13″N 123°26′22″E	02/20	沈阳飞机工业集团	[1]
仁和集基地	解放军空军	32°50′52″N 117°19′13″E	07/25	4th Training Regiment (JL-8, JL-9, JL-10)	[1]
毕克奇基地	北部战区空军	40°44′13″N 111°13′47″E	08/26	空44旅 (J-7)	[1]
沧州	解放军空军	38°24′11″N 116°55′52″E	17/35	Flight Test & Training Base (several types)	[1]
阿苇滩基地	西部战区空军	43°57′4″N 87°4′45″E	11/29	109th Air Brigade (J-8, JJ-7)	[1]
长沙大托铺	南部战区空军 Maintenance	28°4′9″N 112°57′27″E	18/36	54th Air Brigade (Su-30MKK) Changsha Aircraft Factory	[1]
长兴三八机场	东部战区空军	30°58′7″N 119°43′50″E	07/25	8th Brigade (J-10)	[1][3]
Chaoyangchuan	北部战区空军	42°52′58″N 129°27′3″E	08/26	61st Air Brigade (J-10)	[1]
Chenggu	中部战区空军 军工厂	33°8′3″N 107°12′14″E	07/25	Aerial Survey Regiment (An-30, Y-8, Y-12) Shaanxi Aircraft Corp.	[1]
Chifeng	北部战区空军	42°9′35″N 118°50′27″E	03/21	2nd Air Brigade (J-10)	[1]
Dachang	Maintenance	31°19′25″N 121°24′38″E		Factory 5703	[1][4]
Dafangshen	解放军空军	43°54′24″N 125°11′51″E	06/24	1st Training Regiment (CJ-6, JL-8, JJ-7)	[1]
徐州大郭庄	东部战区空军	34°13′46″N 117°14′46″E	09/27	94th Air Regiment (J-7)	[1][5]
岱山空军基地	东部战区空军	30°17′16″N 122°8′42″E	03/21	2nd UAV Regiment	[1][6]
Dangyang	中部战区空军	30°47′55″N 111°48′40″E	14/32	39th Air Regiment (Il-76) Xiongfeng Aircraft Overhaul Factory	[1][7]
Datong	中部战区空军	36°30′36″N 103°37′11″E			[8]
Datun	解放军空军	43°44′1″N 125°15′12″E	07L/25R 07R/25L	1st Training Regiment (CJ-6, Y-5) Sky Wing Air Demonstration Team (CJ-6A)	[1]
Dazu	西部战区空军	29°38′10″N 105°46′25″E	02/20	97th Air Brigade (J-7E)	[1]
Dingxin	解放军空军	40°24′06″N 99°47′22″E	04/22	Tactical Training Center (various types)	[1]
Dingxing	中部战区空军	39°15′16″N 115°49′59″E	04/22	3rd Training Brigade (JL-8)	[1]
Dongta	北部战区空军	41°47′3″N 123°29′47″E	06/24	Y-5, Y-7, Z-8K	[1]
Ertaizi	Maintenance	44°0′8″N 126°23′39″E	05/23	Factory 5704	[1]
肥东阚集机场	东部战区空军	31°54′34″N 117°39′31″E			[9]
Fiery Cross Reef				potential	[10]
景德镇罗家机场	东部战区空军	29°20′22″N 117°10′36″E		probable military air base	[11]
福州义序机场	东部战区空军	26°0′14″N 119°18′46″E	08/26	5th Fendui (J-6 drone) previous home of the 49th Division (J-6)	[1][12]
阜新机场	解放军空军	42°4′4″N 121°43′19″E	01L/19R 01R/19L	3rd Training Regiment (CJ-6)	[1]
赣州	东部战区空军	25°49′37″N 114°54′45″E			[13]
高密机场	北部战区空军	36°23′15″N 119°42′43″E	17/35	35th Air Regiment (J-8, JJ-7)	[1]
厦门高崎	东部战区空军	24°32′0″N 118°7′0″E			[14]
Gonggar	西部战区空军	29°17′53″N 90°54′44″E	09L/27R 09R/27L	detachment with J-10, J-11, KJ-500, and UAVs	[1]
Guangshui	空降兵军	31°39′45″N 113°49′4″E	01/19	1st Transport Dadui (Y-5, Y-8)	[1]
Guangzhou East	南部战区空军	23°9′53″N 113°22′9″E	14/32	Y-7, Z-8, Z-9, Mi-17	[1]
Hailang	北部战区空军	44°31′29″N 129°34′9″E	04/22	63rd Air Brigade	[1]
Hailar Southwest	北部战区空军	49°9′51″N 119°41′37″E	13/31		[1]
Hami	西部战区空军	42°50′30″N 93°40′7″E	11/29	2nd Training Brigade (JL-9)	[1]
Ping Fang Tien	军工厂	45°35′56″N 126°39′39″E	08/26	Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corp.	[1]
Hetian	西部战区空军	37°2′24″N 79°51′42″E	11/29		[1]
Huaide	北部战区空军	43°31′34″N 124°47′5″E	04/22	33rd Air Regiment (Q-5)	[1]
Huairen	中部战区空军	39°43′3″N 113°8′41″E	03/21	43rd Air Brigade (J-10)	[1]
Huangguoshu	军工厂	26°15′39″N 105°52′26″E	07/25	Guizhou Aviation Industry Company Shuangyang Aircraft Manufactory	[1]
Huangpi	空降兵军	30°54′14″N 114°30′37″E	01/19	4th Dadui (Z-8, Z-9, Z-10)	[1]
Huangtianba	军工厂	30°42′12″N 103°56′58″E	02/20	Chengdu Aircraft Corp.	[1]
惠安机场	东部战区空军	25°1′35″N 118°48′26″E	04/22	formerly based J-6 aircraft also used by Ground Forces	[1]
Huiyang	南部战区空军	23°2′55″N 114°36′3″E	09/27	26th Air Brigade (J-10)	[1][15]
Huxian	中部战区空军	34°9′11″N 108°35′59″E	07/25	1st Training Brigade (Z-9, Y-7)	[1]
Jiang Xi	Factories	28°38′8″N 115°55′48″E	03/21	Hongdu Aircraft Corp.	[1]
笕桥	东部战区空军	30°20′7″N 120°14′27″E	07/25	83rd Air Brigade (JH-7A/Q-5J)	[1][16]
Jiaxing	东部战区空军 西部战区空军	30°42′20″N 120°40′27″E	05/23	84th Air Brigade (JH-7A) (Eastern) formerly operated Q-5 aircraft to 2011 20th Division (Y-8) (Western)	[1]
嘉兴机场	东部战区空军	30°42′0″N 120°41′0″E		probable military base	[17]
Jingdezhan	军工厂	29°14′22″N 117°8′12″E	05H/23H	Changhe Aircraft Corp.	[1]
济宁曲阜	北部战区空军	35°17′34″N 116°20′47″E	08/26	55th Air Brigade (J-11, Su-27)	[1]
Jinjiang	南部战区空军	24°47′50″N 118°35′21″E	03/21	ground attack detachments	[1][18]
Jiugucheng	解放军空军	37°29′28″N 116°6′59″E	05/23	170th Air Brigade (J-10, JL-9)	[1]
Kaifeng	中部战区空军	34°45′12″N 114°20′16″E	04/22	37th Air Regiment (Y-8, Y-20)	[1]
Kashi	西部战区空军	39°32′33″N 76°1′12″E	08/26	detachment with J-11 fighters and UAVs	[1]
Korla	西部战区空军	41°36′54″N 86°8′30″E	04/22	111th Air Brigade (J-11)	[1]
Lalin	北部战区空军	45°15′35″N 126°53′37″E	17/35	2nd Training Brigade (H-6, HYJ-7, Y-7)	[1]
Langtou	北部战区空军	40°1′32″N 124°17′13″E	01/19	88th Air Brigade (J-7E)	[1]
Lantian	西部战区空军	28°51′9″N 105°23′33″E	07/25	59th Air Regiment (Y-8)	[1]
Leiyang	南部战区空军	26°35′12″N 112°53′34″E	04/22	8th Bomber Division (HU-6, H-6K)	[1]
Leizhuang	南部战区空军	26°24′34″N 106°31′56″E	17/35	20th Air Division (Y-8, Y-9)	[1]
Li Chia Tsun	南部战区空军	25°11′38″N 110°19′13″E	18/36	5th Air Brigade (J-10) Factory 5718	[1]
龙岩冠豸山机场	东部战区空军	25°40′35″N 116°44′46″E	02/20	1st Fendui (J-6 drone)	[1][19]
Liangping	军工厂	30°40′46″N 107°47′10″E	05/23	Tengden (UAVs)	[1]
Liaoyang	北部战区空军	41°16′41″N 123°4′44″E	03/21	5th Training Brigade (JL-8)	[1]
Lintao	西部战区空军	35°18′24″N 103°50′9″E	01/19	18th Air Brigade (J-7)	[1]
Lintong	中部战区空军	34°22′34″N 109°7′9″E	05/23	107th Air Regiment (H-6H)	[1]
Lishe	东部战区空军	29°49′35″N 121°27′45″E		probable military air base	[20]
六合马鞍机场	北部战区空军	42°15′14″N 125°42′12″E	04/22	91st Air Brigade (J-7) Factory 5711	[1]
Liushuibao	解放军空军	41°11′19″N 121°10′15″E	03R/21L 03L/21R	4th Training Regiment (CJ-6)	[1]
龙田机场	东部战区空军	25°34′22″N 119°27′41″E	04/22		[1][21]
衢州龙游		29°6′47″N 119°10′38″E		probable military air base	[22]
Luancheng	军工厂	37°54′47″N 114°35′30″E	18/36	Shijiazhuang Aircraft Mfg. Co.	[1]
六合马鞍机场	东部战区空军	32°22′40″N 118°47′39″E	06/24	10th Bomber Division (H-6, Y-5D, HYJ-7, WZ-8)	[1]
Luliang	南部战区空军	24°59′17″N 103°38′34″E	04/22	131st Air Brigade (J-10)	[1]
Luqiao	东部战区空军	28°34′0″N 121°26′0″E		probable military air base	[23]
Lushan	Maintenance	33°41′8″N 112°53′26″E	10/28	Air Force Aircraft Storage Center	[1]
九江庐山机场	东部战区空军	29°28′37″N 115°48′6″E	04/22	76th Regiment (Y-8C/KJ-500) from 2019 former home of the 31st Regiment (J-7E) to 2013	[1][24]
Mangshi	南部战区空军			GJ-2 Wing Loong II	[1]
Mei-Xian	南部战区空军	24°15′54″N 116°6′0″E			[25]
Mengzi	南部战区空军	23°23′40″N 103°20′4″E	14/32	130th Air Brigade (J-10)	[1]
Nanchong	西部战区空军	30°47′53″N 106°9′52″E	06/24	5th Training Brigade (Y-7, Y-8, HYJ-7)	[1]
Nanjing	东部战区空军	31°58′19″N 118°50′29″E	06/24	Y-5, Y-7, Mi-171, Z-8 also used by 72nd Army Aviation Brigade	[1]
Nanyuan	解放军空军	39°46′51″N 116°23′11″E	18/36	102nd Air Regiment (737, Learjet, Tu-154) to 2019	[1]
Ngari Gunsa Airport	西部战区空军	32°6′15″N 80°3′15″E		Since the last major standoff between China and India at Doklam in 2017 military presence at the Ngari Gunsa Airport has been expanded with Shenyang J-16s and J-11s fighter jets stationed. The airport is 200 kilometres from Pangong Tso, Ladakh.[26][27]
Paozhuwan	中部战区空军	30°40′27″N 114°37′53″E	03/21	38th Air Regiment (Il-76, Il-78)	[1]
Pudong	军工厂	31°8′42″N 121°47′36″E	15/33 16L/34R 16R/34L 17L/35R 17R/35L	COMAC	[1]
普兰店	北部战区空军 南部战区空军	39°27′2″N 122°1′6″E	02/20	89th Air Brigade (J-11) (Northern) 27th Air Regiment (J-7D) (Southern)	[1]
Qihe	北部战区空军	36°46′4″N 116°38′24″E	18/36	34th Air Brigade (J-10) Transportation/SAR Brigade (Y-5, Y-7, Z-9)	[1]
Qingshui	西部战区空军	39°33′15″N 98°53′3″E	12/30	1st Training Brigade (J-7)	[1]
Qionglai	西部战区空军	30°29′25″N 103°27′55″E	01/19	4th Transport Division (Y-7, Y-9, Y-20, Mi-17V-5)	[1]
Qiqihar	北部战区空军	47°14′23″N 123°55′6″E	17/35	3rd Air Brigade (J-16)	[1]
Qizhou	中部战区空军	38°35′53″N 112°58′7″E	07/25	45th Air Regiment (Q-5) to 2017	[1]
Quzhou	东部战区空军	28°57′59″N 118°53′58″E	06/24	85th Air Brigade (Su-30MKK) J-7-II fighters replaced 2003-2006	[1][28]
如皋机场	东部战区空军	32°15′26″N 120°30′10″E	15/33	86th Air Brigade (J-7E) from 2013	[1][29]
Sanshilipu	北部战区空军	39°17′21″N 121°45′50″E	12/30	32nd Air Regimet (强-5) Changfeng Aircraft & Engine Overhaul	[1]
Shadi	南部战区空军	23°5′0″N 113°4′12″E	01/19	4th Air Regiment (Su-27, J-11)	[1][30]
Shahezhen	解放军空军	40°8′58″N 116°19′24″E	13/31	several types are operated for 解放军空军 Command	[1]
Shangqiu	中部战区空军	34°26′58″N 115°27′34″E	18/36	57th Air Regiment (J-7)	[1]
Shanhaiguan	Maintenance	39°58′6″N 119°43′50″E	06/24	Factory 5711	[1]
Shanpo	中部战区空军	30°05′13″N 114°18′51″E	07/25	52nd Air Brigade (J-7G, JJ-7A)	[1]
Shantou Waisha	南部战区空军	23°25′37″N 116°45′44″E	04/22	25th Air Regiment (J-7E)	[1][31]
Shaodong	南部战区空军	27°13′35″N 111°40′13″E	05/23	22nd Air Regiment (H-6K)	[1]
Shaoguan	南部战区空军	24°58′43″N 113°25′15″E			[32]
Shek Kong	南部战区空军	22°26′12″N 114°4′49″E	11/29	Hong Kong Garrison (Z-8, Z-9)	[1][33]
Shigatse	西部战区空军	29°21′8″N 89°17′6″E	07/25 09/27	various detachments	[1]
Shijiazhuang	中部战区空军	38°4′58″N 114°25′3″E	16/34	1st Training Brigade (JL-10) Factory 5721	[1]
Shuang Yu Shu	北部战区空军	45°39′51″N 126°42′0″E	08/26	1st Training Brigade (CJ-6, Y-5)	[1]
Shuangcheng	解放军空军	45°24′35″N 126°19′2″E	04L/22R 04R/22L	2nd Training Regiment (CJ-6)	[1]
Shuangliao	北部战区空军	43°35′20″N 123°34′46″E	01/19	UAV Regiment (EA-03)	[1]
苏南硕放机场	东部战区空军	31°29′50″N 120°25′50″E	03/21	77th Regiment (KJ-200, KJ-2000, Y-8T)	[1][34]
Siping	北部战区空军	43°9′25″N 124°17′33″E	05/23	31st Air Brigade (JH-7A)	[1]
Subi Reef				potential	[来源请求]
Suixi	南部战区空军	21°23′47″N 110°11′57″E	11/29	6th Air Brigade (Su-30MKK, Su-35S)	[1][35]
苏州光福机场	东部战区空军	31°15′47″N 120°24′3″E	18/36	空93团 (J-8, JJ-7)	[36]
Taihe	东部战区空军	26°51′26″N 114°44′13″E	08/26	4th Fendui	[1][37]
Taipingsi	军工厂	30°36′6″N 104°0′51″E	18/36	Sichuan Lantian Helicopter Co. Ltd.	[1]
Tangguantun	中部战区空军	38°46′56″N 117°4′8″E	16/34	4th Training Brigade (JL-8)	[1]
Tangshan	中部战区空军	39°43′4″N 118°0′10″E	09/27	20th Air Regiment (J-7, JJ-7)	[1]
Tianshui	Maintenance	34°33′36″N 105°51′37″E	10/28	Factory 5722	[1]
Tianyang	南部战区空军	23°43′11″N 106°57′39″E	12/30	124th Air Brigade (J-10)	[1]
Tieling	北部战区空军	42°31′35″N 123°59′6″E	03/21	3rd Training Brigade (JL-9)	[1]
Tongxian	中部战区空军	39°48′39″N 116°42′26″E	02/20	48th Air Regiment (Y-5, Y-7, Z-9)	[1]
黄山屯溪		29°45′0″N 118°17′25″E			[38]
Ürümqi South	西部战区空军	43°28′0″N 87°31′53″E	09/27	110th Air Brigade (JH-7A)	[1]
Uxxaktal	西部战区空军	42°10′51″N 87°11′11″E	11/29	112th Air Brigade (J-7) 178th UAV Brigade (WD-1K) Divine Eagle HALE UAV (observed)[39]	[1]
Wafangdian	北部战区空军	39°40′12″N 121°45′58″E	06/24	90th Air Brigade (Q-5D)	[1]
Wangcun	Maintenance	36°14′56″N 113°7′35″E	01/19	CJ-6, Y-5	[1]
Wanggang	北部战区空军	45°40′11″N 126°31′35″E	03L/21R 03R/21L	1st Training Brigade (CJ-6)	[1]
Weifang	北部战区空军	36°38′49″N 119°7′8″E	17/35	15th Air Brigade (JH-7A)	[1]
Wendeng	北部战区空军	37°11′13″N 122°13′44″E	02/20	36th Air Brigade (J-7, J-10, JL-9)	[1]
Wensu	西部战区空军	41°15′47″N 80°17′22″E	09/27	CH-5 unmanned aerial vehicles	[1]
Wudangshan	中部战区空军	32°23′22″N 111°41′39″E	17/35	53rd Air Regiment (J-7, JJ-7)	[1]
Wugong	中部战区空军	34°16′33″N 108°15′57″E	09/27	108th Air Regiment (H-6) Factory 5702	[1]
安徽芜湖	东部战区空军	31°23′27″N 118°24′34″E	08/26	7th Air Brigade (J-16) 9th Air Brigade (Su-30MKK, JL-10, J-20) Factory 5720	[1][40]
Wuwei	西部战区空军	37°59′24″N 102°33′59″E	16R/34L 16L/34R	4th Training Brigade (JL-8)	[1]
Wuxu	南部战区空军	22°36′30″N 108°10′32″E	05/23	125th Air Brigade (J-7)	[1]
武夷山机场	东部战区空军	27°42′3″N 118°0′1″E	03/21	41st Air Brigade (Su-27UBK, J-11) 3rd Dadui (J-6 drone)	[1][41]
Xiangshui Hsu		23°13′0″N 114°7′0″E			[42]
Xiangtang	东部战区空军	28°25′15″N 115°55′28″E	01/19	40th Air Brigade with J-16 fighters since 2017 40th Air Regiment with J-11 fighters until 2017	[1][43]
Xianguanying	西部战区空军	35°55′4″N 104°13′5″E	16/34	3rd Regiment (Y-5, Y-7, Mi-17, Z-8)	[1]
Xiangyun	南部战区空军	25°26′37″N 100°44′3″E	01/19	132nd Air Brigade (J-7E, JJ-7A)	[1]
Xiaogan	空降兵军	30°57′14″N 113°54′43″E	04/22	3rd Transport Dadui (Y-5, Y-7, Y-12)	[1]
Xiaolingzi	北部战区空军	41°6′5″N 121°3′42″E	02/20	4th Training Brigade (JL-8)	[1]
水门机场	东部战区空军	26°56′30″N 120°4′39″E	11/29		[1]
Xijiao	解放军空军	39°57′31″N 116°15′24″E	18/36	100th Air Transport Regiment (A319, 737, CRJ)	[1]
大余新城机场	东部战区空军	25°32′54″N 114°37′07″E			[44]
Xingning	南部战区空军	24°10′0″N 115°45′0″E			[45]
Xinzhou	南部战区空军	27°48′40″N 107°14′46″E	18/36	20th Air Division (J-8, JJ-7, Y-8)	[1]
Xishanbeixiang	中部战区空军	39°8′58″N 115°17′16″E	05/23	71st Air Regiment (J-7, JJ-7)	[1]
Yancheng	解放军空军	33°25′34″N 120°12′12″E	04/22	3rd Training Regiment (CJ-6, JJ-7, JL-8)	[1]
Yangcun	中部战区空军	39°22′25″N 117°5′36″E	16/34	72nd Air Brigade (J-10) 1 August Aerial Demonstration Team	[1]
Yangtang Li	南部战区空军	24°8′59″N 115°45′26″E	15/33	2nd Dadui (J-6 drone)	[1]
Yanliang	解放军空军 军工厂	34°38′37″N 109°14′27″E	06L/24R 06R/24L	Chinese Flight Test Evaluation Xian Aircraft Corp.	[1]
Yaohu	军工厂	28°42′6″N 116°6′26″E	03/21	Hongdu Aircraft Corp.	[1]
Yinchuan West	西部战区空军	38°28′52″N 106°0′33″E	01/19	16th Air Brigade (J-11, Su-27)	[1]
义乌机场	东部战区空军	29°20′41″N 120°1′56″E		dual-use airport from 1991	[46]
Yongji	中部战区空军	34°52′20″N 110°21′39″E	07/25	2nd Training Brigade (JL-8)	[1]
Yongning	中部战区空军	40°30′10″N 116°6′28″E	05/23	21st Air Brigade (J-7, JJ-7)	[1]
Yu Hung Tun	北部战区空军	41°49′25″N 123°17′52″E	03/21	16th Air Division (J-8, JJ-7, Y-8)	[1]
Yulin	南部战区空军	18°13′0″N 109°31′0″E			[47]
Zhangjiakou	中部战区空军	40°44′22″N 114°55′54″E	11/29	19th Air Brigade (J-11)	[1]
樟树空军基地	东部战区空军	28°1′25″N 115°33′0″E	06/24	42nd Air Regiment (J-7L)	[1][48]
Zhangye Southeast	西部战区空军	38°48′8″N 100°40′30″E	11L/29R 11R/29L	3rd Training Brigade (JL-8)	[1]
漳州龙溪机场	东部战区空军	24°33′42″N 117°39′17″E	09/27		[1][49]
Zhengzhou	中部战区空军	34°51′47″N 113°43′48″E	11/29	56th Air Brigade (J-10B)	[1]
Zhouzhou	中部战区空军	39°27′26″N 116°0′0″E	03L/21R 03R/21L	Y-5, Z-8, Z-9	[1]
宁波庄桥机场	东部战区空军	29°55′26″N 121°34′26″E	12/30	1st UAV Regiment	[1][50]
Zhucheng	北部战区空军	36°1′42″N 119°26′16″E	01/19	14th Attack Regiment (Q-5) to 2017	[1]
Zibo	解放军空军	36°48′37″N 117°53′31″E	18L/36R 18R/36L	2nd Training Regiment (CJ-6A)	[1]
Zunhua	中部战区空军	40°6′6″N 117°53′5″E	07/25	70th Air Brigade (J-10)	[1]