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侦探
来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
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侦探(英语:Detective)是一种负责侦缉、调查案件的职业,可以是执法机构的警探,也可以是私人领域的调查员。前者通常是警察部门的雇员,负责调查重罪刑事案件或一些较为复杂的轻罪案件,通过现场调查、与证人和线人交谈、收集证据或从数据库中搜索记录,来收集信息以协助破案,最终逮捕罪犯并在法庭上定罪。[1]
![]() | 此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 (2025年6月6日) |
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概述

有些地区的警察部队中,符合警官任职要求的警察需通过笔试,方可获得侦探员的资格;而在另外一些警务系统中,侦探员可以是相关专业的大学毕业生,直接从平民加入警队担任侦探职位,无需先担任制服警员。其中一方认为,侦探的工作完全不同于日常警务,因此需要与制服警员完全不同的培训、资格、素质和能力;[2] 另外一方则认为,曾经担任过制服警员的侦探,会因其对标准警务程序的了解、人脉网络以及自身处理典型案件的经验,而成为优秀的私家侦探。[3]
大多数具有一定规模的警察机构,其所属的侦缉部门会分为几个不同单位,每个单位专门调查特定类型的犯罪或卧底行动,其中可能包括:杀人、抢劫、入室盗窃、机动车盗窃、有组织犯罪、失踪人口、青少年犯罪、诈骗、麻醉药品、卖淫、犯罪情报、严重袭击或殴打、性侵、电脑犯罪、家庭暴力、监视和纵火等。
美国警察机构的一般探员通常拥有“警探”(Detective)的警衔,他们上级的监督警官(本身可能是侦探,也可能不是)的警衔结构因不同部门而异;而在一些地方的警察部队中,侦探的警衔与制服警官相同,但在警衔前会加“侦探”一词,例如:“侦探警员”(DC)或“侦探警长”(DS)。[4][5][6]
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私家侦探(PI)通常受雇于个人或团体,并为其提供法律上的调查服务,通常也会为民事和刑事案件的律师工作。最早的私家侦探大多是为客户认为警察表现的无能为力,或者警察不愿积极处理的事情上充当调查工作。许多拥有特殊学术和实践经验的私家侦探,经常会与辩护律师合作,调查死刑和其他刑事辩护案件;还有一些是保险调查员,负责调查可疑索赔;许多私家侦探也会协助雇主调查通奸或其他婚内行为的证据,以确立离婚的法律理由。
有些国家的法院和司法程序尚未承认私家侦探的执业,例如:中华人民共和国不存在法律认可的私家侦探,民间所谓的“调查公司”从事的调查活动往往游走于灰色地带,可能存在违法的情况;[7] 葡萄牙的私家侦探收集到证据后,提供的证据就有可能丧失意义,即使私家侦探在这些情况下,搜集证据的做法仍然受到需求,但会受到行为准则的约束。[8]
公民侦探又称为业余侦探,是指不计报酬、不求回报地投入时间,以及利用专业知识协助破案的人士。[9] 公民侦探是与执法部门没有专业联系、缺乏任何理性法律权威的普通公民,参与破案的原因多种多样,可能是为了确保亲朋好友获得公正的审判,也可能是因为强烈厌恶犯罪、维护法律秩序的正义感,或者仅仅是为了娱乐消遣。
公民侦探同样会尝试通过多种方式破案,例如:搜寻犯罪现场、采访或讯问有关的犯罪嫌疑人和证人、监视相关人员、收集证据、为地方新闻提供消息来源、向警方提供匿名线索,甚至在犯罪发生时进行公民逮捕。公民侦探还可以通过成为检察官的证人、参加当地的邻里守望组织、充当执法部门的公民观察员,甚至协助警方搜寻和逮捕嫌疑人,来达到协助执法的目的。然而,如果公民侦探缺乏真正的破案技能,甚至对犯罪嫌疑人实施可能被视为法外惩罚的行为,他们可能会无意中损害正常的调查程序。
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历史
侦探技巧
已隐藏部分未翻译内容,欢迎参与翻译。
街头工作

Detectives have a wide variety of techniques available in conducting investigations. However, the majority of cases are solved by the interrogation of suspects and the interviewing of witnesses,[10] which takes time. Detectives may also use their network of informants, which they have built up over the years. Informants often have connections with people a detective would not be able to approach formally. Evidence collection and preservation can also help in identifying a potential suspect(s).
刑事侦查

Investigation of criminal activity is conducted by the police. Criminal activity can relate to road use such as speeding, drunk driving, or to matters such as theft, drug distribution, assault, fraud, etc. When the police have concluded their investigation, a decision on whether to charge somebody with a criminal offence will (depending on legal jurisdiction) often be made by prosecuting counsel having considered the evidence produced by the police.
In criminal investigations, once a detective has suspects in mind, the next step is to produce evidence that will stand up in a court of law. One way is to obtain a confession from the suspect; usually, this is done by developing rapport and, at times, by seeking information in exchange for potential perks available through the attorney's office, such as entering for a lesser sentence in exchange for usable information. In some countries, detectives may lie, mislead and psychologically pressure a suspect into an admission or confession as long as they do this within procedural boundaries and without the threat of violence or promises outside their control. This is not permitted in England and Wales, where interview of suspects and witnesses is governed by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and its extensive Codes of Practice.
法医证据
Physical forensic evidence in an investigation may provide leads to closing a case. Forensic science (often shortened to forensics) is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or to a civil action. Many major police stations in a city, county, or state, maintain their own forensic laboratories while others contract out the services.
记录调查
Detectives may use public and private records to provide background information on a subject. Police detectives can search through files of fingerprint records. Police maintain records of people who have committed felonies and some misdemeanors. Detectives may search through records of criminal arrests and convictions, photographs or "mug shots" of persons arrested, hotel registration information, credit reports, answering machine messages, phone conversations, surveillance camera footage, and technology used for communication.
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各国侦探
参见
参考来源
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