普尔曼大罢工

普尔曼大罢工是美国在1894年5月11日的全国性铁路罢工行动，从而影响美国劳动法。其中美国铁路工会（英语：American Railway Union）不满经营铁路运输的普尔曼公司（英语：Pullman Company）对立，而美国总统格罗弗·克里夫兰领导的美国联邦政府也介入其中。冲突起源于5月11日，近4,000名普尔曼公司雇员因为工资调降，而在芝加哥普尔曼（英语：Pullman, Chicago）发动野猫罢工。不过最终罢工和抵制行动，迫使密歇根州底特律以西的大部分货运和客运都无法运作。

普尔曼大罢工
在普尔曼大罢工期间，美国铁路工会成员与伊利诺伊州陆军国民警卫队（英语：Illinois Army National Guard）部队对峙。
日期	1894年5月11日
地点	美国芝加哥普尔曼（英语：Pullman, Chicago）爆发，后来遍及全国。
目标	承认
方法	罢工、抗议、示威
结果	行动失败
冲突方
美国铁路工会（英语：American Railway Union） 铁路工人 普尔曼公司（英语：Pullman Company） 总经理协会 美国国民警卫队
领导人物
尤金·V·德布斯 乔治·普尔曼 格罗弗·克里夫兰
人数
250,000人 12,000人
伤亡人数
死亡人数：30人 受伤人数：57人

参见

• 美国铁路运输史
• 美国内乱事件一览表

参考文献

• Cleveland, Grover. The Government and the Chicago Strike of 1894 [1904]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1913.
• DeForest, Walter S. The Periodical Press and the Pullman Strike: An Analysis of the Coverage and Interpretation of the Railroad Strike of 1894 by Eight Journals of Opinion and Reportage MA thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1973.
• Ginger, Ray. The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene V. Debs. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949.
• Hirsch, Susan Eleanor. After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
• Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.
• Lindsey, Almont. "Paternalism and the Pullman Strike," American Historical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jan., 1939), pp. 272–289 in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Nevins, Allan Nevins. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. (1933) pp. 611–28
• Papke, David Ray. The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1999.
• Rondinone, Troy. "Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism During the Pullman Strike," Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era 2009 8(1): 83–109 27p.
• Salvatore, Nick. Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
• Schneirov, Richard, et al. (eds.) The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
• Smith, Carl. Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
• Winston, A.P. "The Significance of the Pullman Strike," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 9, no. 4 (Sept. 1901), pp. 540–561. In JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Wish, Harvey. "The Pullman Strike: A Study in Industrial Warfare," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1939) 32#3 pp. 288–312 in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

外部链接

• United States Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June–July, 1894. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895.
• Pullman Strike Timeline
• Chicago Strike （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• The Pullman Strike, Illinois During the Gilded Age 1866–1894, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries