海百合

海百合（sea lily，学名：crinoid）是一类海生棘皮动物，身体呈花状，可分为根、茎（柄）和冠三个部分，冠上具多条羽毛状的腕，可在水中捕捉猎物、攫取食物颗粒。海百合自奥陶纪开始出现，在古生代海洋中曾繁盛一时，化石种类有5000种以上，分属在海百合纲（学名：Crinoidea）的各大亚纲下；现生种则约发现600多种，全部隶属于关节海百合亚纲，大多数是营自由生活的无柄种类，无柄的海百合也被称作海羽星（英语：feather star）。

海百合 化石时期：达瑞威尔阶（英语：Darriwilian）–现代[1] PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
《自然界的艺术形态》 (1904), 图版 20: Crinoidea
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	棘皮动物门 Echinodermata
亚门：	海百合亚门 Crinozoa
纲：	海百合纲 Crinoidea
目
†类 Protocrinoidea †圆顶海百合亚纲 Camerata †幼枝海百合目 Cladida †单杯圆顶海百合目 Monobathrida †双杯圆顶海百合目 Diplobathrida †类 Disparida †类 Porocrinoidea †可曲海百合亚纲 Flexibilia †栉海百合目 Taxocrinida †网海百合目 Seganocrinida †类 Cyathoformes 关节海百合亚纲 Articulata †目 Holocrinida †石莲海百合目 Encrinida 多腕目 Millericrinida †犹因他海百合目 Uintacrinida †无柄海百合目 Roveacrinida 弓海百合目 Cyrtocrinida 目 Hyocrinida 等节海百合目 Isocrinida 栉羽星目，又译海羊齿目 Comatulida 深海海百合目 Bourgueticrinida

历史和分布

创孔海百合（Thaumatocrinus）化石（国立台湾博物馆藏）

古生代石炭纪时，海百合数量极庞大，种类繁多。牠们跟苔藓虫和腕足动物在海底形成草地般的大面积覆盖面，留下许多化石。后因“二叠纪、三叠纪灭绝事件”，90%的海洋物种灭绝，海百合也迅速退出历史舞台。

现生种的海百合纲被重新发现时，是在深水海域中，所以初期人们以为牠们只能在深海生存。后来发现，原来不论浅海或深海、热带珊瑚礁或高纬度海域，都能发现其踪迹。

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  伯氏金巴海百合（Jimbacrinus bostocki）化石
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  顶生海百合（Apiocrinites）柄的化石
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  Isocrinus nicoleti柄的化石
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特征

有柄海百合的一般构造

海百合的外观类似植物，身体可分为根、茎（柄）和冠三个部分。茎部由许多称作“茎板”的圆盘状骨板叠置而成。有些海百合的柄仅在幼年存在，成体的根、柄不发育，营自由生活，如海羊齿目等，是在浅海珊瑚礁海域中经常见到的类群；有些海百合的成体则仍保有柄，利用柄固着在海床上，现存的有柄海百合大多生活在深海中。

冠部由萼（theca）和腕两部分组成。萼呈碗状或球状，由交错排列的几圈钙质骨板组成，海羊齿类的萼不发达。腕细长，由萼部边缘长出，可以像树枝般一再分岔，细分成多个小节，小节上有许多细小的羽枝（Pinnulae），每一支羽枝可再细分成数段，每一段上有纤毛。

有些海百合的腕看起来很稀疏，有的则非常浓密，腕的多寡可做为海百合的分类依据之一。绝大部分海百合拥有10～50只腕，有的甚至有200只之多，仅有少数海百合只长出五只腕（海百合和同属棘皮动物的海星、蛇尾、海胆、海参等一样，具有五辐对称的特征）。

海百合的腕可以任意卷曲，也可以上下快速移动，无柄海百合便是借由摆动腕在水中自由游动。

海百合有很强的再生能力，受伤的腕、萼部甚至体内的器官都能够再生。不过无法像某些海星和蛇尾以断裂的身体部位进行无性繁殖。

觅食方法

海百合主要利用腕上布满黏液的管足（英语：tube feet）滤取海水里的微生物作为食物。

观赏性

常出现在珊瑚礁海域的海百合多数属于海羊齿目，当中有不少种类的外表鲜艳华丽，而且还有许多有趣的共生动物，颇具观赏价值。

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  本氏海齿花（英语：Oxycomanthus bennetti）（Oxycomanthus bennetti）
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  许氏大羽花（英语：Comaster schlegelii）（Comaster schlegelii）
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  巨翅美羽枝（英语：Himerometra robustipinna）（Himerometra robustipinna）
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  掌丽羽枝（英语：Dichrometra palmata）（Dichrometra palmata）

分类

现今发现的海百合大约有六百多种，全都只归类在关节海百合亚纲之下。

海百合纲包括以下目：

• Comatulida
• 石莲海百合目 Encrinida
• Hyocrinida
• 等节海百合目 Isocrinida
• 多腕目 Millericrinida

目的地位未定的科

Abacocrinidae Abacocrinus Angelin, 1878 Acolocrinidae Acolocrinus Kesling & Paul, 1971 Paracolocrinus Brett, 1980 Acrocrinidae Acrocrinitidae 辐射海百合科 Actinocrinitidae Aenigmaticumcrinidae Aenigmaticumcrinus Scheffler, 2020 Aesiocrinidae Aethocrinidae Agassizocrinidae Agostocrinidae Aishacrinidae Allagecrinidae Alphacrinidae Amabilicrinidae Ampelocrinidae Ampheristocrinidae Amphoracrinidae Ampullacrinidae Anamesocrinidae Anisocrinidae Anobasicrinidae Anomalocrinidae Anthemocrinidae Anthracocrinidae Apektocrinidae Aphelecrinidae Apographiocrinidae Arkacrinidae Ascocystitidae Asperocrinidae Athenacrinidae Axicrinidae Babanicrinidae Barycrinidae Batocrinidae Bistomiacystidae Blothrocrinidae Botryocrinidae Botryocrinus Angelin, 1878 Botryocrinus quinquelobus[2] Botryocrinus ramosissimus Angelin, 1878 Botryocrinus thomasi Laudon, 1936 Cosmocrinus Jaeckel, 1898 Costalocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Fragucrinus Ausich & Copper, 2010 Mastigocrinus Bather, 1892 Myosocrinus Ausich & Copper, 2010 Bridgerocrinidae Cadocrinidae Calceocrinidae Calceolispongiidae Callistocrinidae Carabocrinidae Carpocrinidae Caryocrinitidae Catacrinidae Catillocrinidae Cercidocrinidae Cincinnaticrinidae Clathrocrinidae Cleiocrinidae Clonocrinidae Codiacrinidae Coelocrinidae Colpodecrinidae Columbicrinidae Columbocystidae Comarocystitidae Corematocrinidae Cornucrinidae Corythocrinidae Cotyledermidae Cromyocrinidae Crotalocrinitidae Cryptocrinitidae Cupressocrinitidae Cupulocrinidae Cyathocrinitidae Cyathocystidae Cyclocharacidae Cyclocrinidae Cyclocystoididae Cyclomischidae Cymbiocrinidae Dactylocrinidae Decacrinidae Decadocrinidae Delgadocrinidae Dendrocrinidae Dentiferocrinidae Dichocrinidae Dimerocrinitidae Diphuicrinidae Dolatocrinidae Echmatocrinidae Eckicrinidae Edriocrinidae Eknomocrinidae Emperocrinidae Erisocrinidae Eucalyptocrinitidae Eugeniacrinidae Eupachycrinidae Euryocrinidae Euspirocrinidae Eustenocrinidae Exaesiodiscidae Floricyclidae Flucticharacidae Galateacrinidae Gasterocomidae Gazacrinidae Glossocrinidae Glyptocrinidae Graphiocrinidae Gutticrinidae Habrotecrinidae Hapalocrinidae Haplocrinitidae Hemicosmitidae Heterocrinidae Heterocystidae Hexacrinidae Hexacrinitidae Hirneacrinidae Holopodidae Homalocrinidae Homocrinidae Hoyacrinidae Hybocrinidae Hybocystitidae Hydreionocrinidae Hypocrinidae Ichthyocrinidae Icthyocrinidae Indocrinidae Iocrinidae Kraterocrinidae Kstutocrinidae Lampterocrinidae Lanternocrinidae Laudonocrinidae Lecanocrinidae Leocrinidae Leptocarphiidae Maennilicrinidae Malocystitidae Marsupiocrinidae Mastigocrinidae Melocrinidae Melocrinitidae Merocrinidae Mespilocrinidae Metabolocrinidae Mollocrinidae Myelodactylidae Nipterocrinidae Nyctocrinidae Ontariocrinidae Opsiocrinidae Pachycephalocrinidae Pachylocrinidae Paerticrinidae Palaeocystitidae Pandanocrinidae Paradelocrinidae Paragaricocrinidae Paramelocrinidae Parapatelliocrinidae Patelliocrinidae Pelecocrinidae Pentamerocrinidae Periechocrinidae Periechocrinitidae Perittocrinidae Petalocrinidae Pirasocrinidae Pisocrinidae Platycrinitidae Platycystitidae Plicatocrinidae Plicodendrocrinidae Porocrinidae Porphyrocrinidae Poteriocrinidae Poteriocrinitidae Proholopodidae Prophyllocrinidae Protencrinidae Psalidocrinidae Pseudosaccocomidae Pyrgocystidae Qingyanocrinidae Quenstedticrinidae Reteocrinidae Rhenocrinidae Rhipidocystidae Rhodocrinidae Rhodocrinitidae Roveacrinidae Rutkowskicrinidae Saccocomidae Sagenocrinitidae Salairocrinidae Schuchertocystidae Schyschcatocrinidae Scyphocrinitidae Scytalocrinidae Somphocrinidae Spaniocrinidae Sphaerocrinidae Staphylocrinidae Stelidiocrinidae Stellarocrinidae Stenocrinidae Stipatocrinidae Streblocrinidae Stukaliniidae Sundacrinidae Sunwaptacrinidae Sycocrinitidae Synbathocrinidae Synerocrinidae Tanaocrinidae Tantalocrinidae Taranshicrinidae 栉海百合目 Taxocrinidae Tetracrinidae Tetragonocrinidae Texacrinidae Thalamocrinidae Thenarocrinidae Thomacystidae Timorechinidae Titanocrinidae Tornatilicrinidae Tribrachyocrinidae Tuberocrinidae Tulipacrinidae Tunisiacrinidae Xenocrinidae Zeacrinitidae

目和科的地位未定的属

Abathocrinus Strimple, 1963 Abrachiocrinus Wanner Abyssocrinus Strimple, 1963 Acanthodocrinus Yeltysheva, 1979 Acariaeocrinus Biese, 1935 Acariaiocrinus Wanner, 1924 Achradocrinus Schultze, 1866 Acrocrinus Yandell, 1855 Adelphicrinus Guensburg & Sprinkle, 2003 Adinocrinus Kirk, 1938 Aenigmocrinus Strimple, 1973 Agathocrinus Schevchenko, 1967 Agathocrinus Stoddart, 1876 Ainacrinus Wright, 1941 Aithriocrinus Donovan & Veltkamp, 1993 Alcimocrinus Kirk, 1938 Algabasocrinus Stukalina & Tujutjan, 1970 Allagecrinus Etheridge & Carpenter, 1881 Alloprosallocrinus Casseday & Lyon, 1862 Allosycocrinus Wanner, 1924 Alnecocrinus Frest & Strimple, 1978 Alsopocrinus Tansey, 1922 Altimarginalicrinus Stukalina, 1979 Amarsupiocrinus Frest, 1975 Amazaricrinus Kurilenko, 2001 Ambicocrinus Kirk, 1945 Ameliacrinus Kesling, 1968 Ammonicrinus Springer, 1926 Amonohexacrinus Schevchenko, 1967 Amphicrinus Springer, 1906 Amphipsalidocrinus Weller, 1930 Ampholenium Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Amphoracrocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1969 Ampurocrinus Amsdenanteris Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Amurocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Anarchocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Anartiocrinus Kirk, 1940 Ancistrocrinus Wanner, 1924 Anderkenicrinus Stukalina, 1986 Anemetocrinus Wright, 1938 Angusticrinus Stukalina, 1980 Annulocolumnus Donovan, 1989 Anthemocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1881 Anthinocrinus Yeltyscheva & Sisova, 1961 Aonodiscus Le Menn, 1973 Apertocrinus Stukalina, 1968 Apiastrum Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Apletoanteris Webster & Delattre, 1993 Apodactylocrinus Strimple & Levorson, 1971 Aporretocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Appalachiacrinus Burke, 1974 Apurocrinus McIntosh, 1981 Arachnocrinus Meek & Worthen, 1866 Araeocrinus Strimple & Watkins, 1969 Aragonocrinus le Menn, 1988 Archaeoisocrinus Webster & Jell, 1999 Arenariocrinus Yeltyschewa & Sisova, 1969 Armenocrinus Strimple & Horowitz, 1971 Arroyocrinus Lane & Webster, 1966 Articuloramus Donovan, 1995 Artificiosocrinus Stukalina & Eltysheva, 1982 Aryballocrinus Breimer, 1962 Ascetocrinus Kirk, 1940 Aspidocrinus Hall, 1858 Aspidocrinus Jaekel, 1907 Asterocrinus Münster, 1839 Asteromischus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Astroporites Lambe, 1896 Asuturaecrinus Yakovlev, 1956 Asymmetrocrinus Donovan, 1987 Asymmetrocrinus Wanner, 1937 Atelestocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1885 Athabascacrinus Laudon & Parks, 1952 Atopocrinus Lane, 1970 Atractocrinus Kirk, 1948 Atrapocrinus Strimple, 1975 Atremacrinus Wanner, 1929 Aulnocrinus Le Menn, 1970 Aulocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1897 Aulodesocrinus Wright, 1942 Aureocrinus Prokop, 1982 Autunia Rusconi, 1955 Avicantus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Axilinucrinus Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar, 2011 Azygocrinus Lane, 1963 Bactrocrinites Schnur, 1849 Baerocrinus Volborth, 1865 Bakanasocrinus Stukalina & Tujutjan, 1970 Balearocrinus Bourrouilh & Termier, 1974 Baltocrinus Stukalina, 1979 Barrandeocrinus Angelin, 1878 Basleocrinus Wanner, 1916 Bathericrinus Jaekel, 1918 Bazaricrinus Stukalina, 1968 Becharocrinus Termier & Termier, 1956 Beecrinus Dubatolova, 1975 Belanskicrinus Strimple & Levorson, 1969 Belemnocrinus White, 1862 Benthocrinus Verrill, 1885 Bereljicrinus Stukalina, 1980 Betpakdalacrinus Sisova, 1991 Beyrichocrinus Waagen & Jahn, 1899 Bicidiocrinus Strimple, 1975 Bicostulatocrinus Dubatolova & Eltisheva, 1969 Bicyclocrinus Sizova, 1991 Bihaticrinus Kristan-Tollmann, 1990 Bilaterocolumnus Donovan, 1989 Blairocrinus Miller, 1891 Blandicrinus Stukalina & Dubatolova, 1998 Blothronagma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Bogotacrinus Schmidt, 1934 Bohemicocrinus Waagen & Jahn, 1899 Bohnerticrinus Bohatý, Hein & Webster, 2014 Bohuslavocrinus Grygar & Vasícek, 1983 Bolicrinus Witzke & Strimple, 1981 Boliviacrinus McIntosh, 1988 Bollandocrinus Bornium Gregorio, 1930 Brabeocrinus Strimple & Moore, 1971 Brahmacrinus Sollas, 1900 Breimerocrinus Arendt, 2002 Briarocrinus Angelin, 1878 Briseocrinus Prokop & Petr, 1991 Bronaughocrinus Strimple, 1951 Brutopisocrinus Prokop & Petr, 1989 Brychiocrinus Moore & Plummer, 1940 Bulbocrinus Stukalina, 1980 Burovicrinus Stukalina & Kurilenko, 2002 Bursacrinus Meek & Worthen, 1861 Bystrowicrinus Yeltyschewa, 1963 Cadisocrinus Caelocrinus Caeolocrinus Xu, 1962 Caldenocrinus Wright, 1946 Calpiocrinus Angelin, 1878 Cantharocrinus Breimer, 1962 Capsicocrinus Delogu & Nicosia, 1986 Caragachicrinus Skukalina, 1980 Carcinocrinus Laudon, 1941 Carlopsocrinus Wright, 1933 Carolicrinus Waagen & Jahn, 1899 Castaneacrinus Hess, 2006 Catacrinus Knapp, 1969 Catagraphiocrinus Stukalina, 1968 Cataractocrinus Eckert, 1984 Cathetocrinus Knapp, 1969 Catholicorhachis Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Caucacrocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1969 Cenericrinus Le Menn, 1976 Centriocrinus Bather, 1899 Centrocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1881 Cerasmocrinus Strimple & Levorson, 1973 Ceratocrinus Wanner, 1937 Cercidocrinus Kirk, 1938 Cestocrinus Kirk, 1940 Changninocrinus Chen, Yao & Yu, 1985 Cheirocrinus Hall, 1860 Chingizocrinus Stukalina, 1982 Cholocrinus Springer, 1906 Cionerisma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Clarkeocrinus Goldring, 1923 Clathrocrinus Strimple & Moore, 1971 Clavaticrinus Polozhikhina, 1980 Claviculacrinus Donovan, 1989 Cleistocrinus Springer, 1920 Clematidiscus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Clistocrinus Kirk, 1937 Clithrocrinus Kirk, 1937 Clonocrinus Quenstedt, 1876 Closterocrinus Hall, 1852 Coelocrinus Meek & Worthen, 1866 Coenocrinus Valette, 1934 Coenocystis Girty, 1908 Collarocrinus Szörenyi, 1959 Comanthocrinus Springer, 1921 Communicrinus Compositocrinus Stukalina, 1979 Comptocrinus Stukalina, 1979 Concavicrinus Stukalina, 1997 Condylocrinus Eichwald, 1859 Conspectocrinus Stukalina, 1969 Constrictocrinus Hynda, 1984 Contignatindocrinus Arendt, 1981 Coollarocrinus Cordonicrinus Stukalina, 1980 Cordylocrinus Angelin, 1878 Corematocrinus Goldring, 1923 Corocrinus Goldring, 1923 Coronocrinus Hall, 1858 Corynecrinus Kirk, 1934 Corythocrinus Kirk, 1946 Corythocrinus Strimple, 1961 Costatocrinus Stukalina, 1975 Cotylacrina Cotylocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Cradeocrinus Goldring, 1923 Cranocrinus Wanner, 1929 Craptocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Craspedocrinus Dahmer, 1922 Crataegocrinus Manni & Nicosia, 1985 Craterocrinus Goldring, 1923 Crenatames Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Crenatocrinus Hynda, 1984 Cricocrinus Strimple & Watkins, 1969 Crossotocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Crucicystis Hinz-Schallreuter, 2001 Cryphiocrinus Kirk, 1929 Cryptanisocrinus Donovan, Doyle & Harper, 1992 Cuboidicrinus Stukalina, 1980 Culmicrinus Jaekel, 1918 Cuyahogacrinus Kammer & Roeser, 2012 Cyclocaudex Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Cyclocrista Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Cyclocyclicus Yeltysheva, 1955 Cyclocyclopa Moore, 1939 Cyclohexagonalis Donovan, 1989 Cyclomischus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Cyclomonile Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Cycloocetocrinus Dubatolova, 1980 Cyclopagoda Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Cyclopentagonalis Yeltysheva, 1964 Cycloscapus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Cylicocrinus Miller, 1892 Cylindrocauliscus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Cyliocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Cymatocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Cyphocrinus Miller, 1892 Cyphostelechus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Cytidocrinus Kirk, 1944 Cytocrinus Roemer, 1860 Cyttarocrinus Goldring, 1924 Dactylocrinus Quenstedt, 1875 Dasciocrinus Kirk, 1939 Dazhucrinus Mu & Wu, 1974 Decalobatocrinus Sisova, 1991 Decapentacrinus Sizova, 1977 Decemicrinus Stukalina, 1980 Denariocrinus Schmidt, 1942 Dentiferocrinus Stukalina, 1968 Depaocrinus Wanner, 1937 Derbiocrinus Wright, 1951 Desidiamphidia Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Desmacriocrinus Strimple, 1966 Diamenocrinus Oehlert, 1892 Dianthicoeloma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Diatorocrinus Wright, 1955 Dibrachiocrinus Arendt, 1968 Dichostreblocrinus Weller, 1930 Dicirrocrinus Schmidt, 1934 Dierocalipter Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Dieuryocrinus Wright, 1954 Digiticrinus Stukalina, 1980 Dilanteris Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Dinacrocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1969 Dinotocrinus Kirk, 1941 Distinctocrinus Milicina, 2001 Divisicrinus Stukalina, 1980 Dochmocrinus Webster & Donovan, 2012 Douglasicrinus Gale, 2021 Dronovicrinus Stukalina, 1997 Dulanocrinus Dwortsowaecrinus Stukalina, 1967 Ectocrinus Wright, 1955 Edapocrinus Wright, 1935 Eifelocrinus Wanner, 1916 Eirmocrinus Strimple & Watkins, 1969 Elicrinus Prokop, 1973 Ellipsocrinus Prokop & Slámová, 2008 Elpidocrinus Strimple, 1963 Elytroclon Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Enallocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 Enascocrinus Strimple & Watkins, 1969 Eocamptocrinus Gluchowski, 1980 Eocicerocrinus Donovan, 1989 Eopilidiocrinus Arendt, 1981 Epipetschoracrinus Yakovlev, 1956 Eratocrinus Kirk, 1938 Ethelocrinus Kirk, 1937 Eucatillocrinus Springer, 1923 Eucheirocrinus Meek & Worthen, 1873 Eucladocrinus Meek, 1872 Euloncherostigma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Eurax Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Euryocrinus Phillips, 1836 Eutrochocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1897 Exaetocrinus Excisocrinus Skukalina, 1980 Excisocrinus Stukalina, 1986 Exedrodiscus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Exochocrinus Burdick & Strimple, 1969 Exocrinus Strimple, 1949 Exoriocrinus Strimple & Moore, 1971 Exsulacrinus Bowsher & Strimple, 1986 Exterocrinus Knapp, 1969 Fabalium Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Facetocrinus Stukalina, 1968 Fascicrinus Stukalina, 1968 Fascicularicrinus Stukalina, 1982 Ferulacrinus Stukalina, 1978 Fifeocrinus Wright, 1951 Fischericrinus Castellana, Manni & Nicosia, 1989 Fishericrinus Flexicrinus Floricolumnus Donovan & Clark, 1992 Floricrinus Stukalina, 1977 Floricyclus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Floripila Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Flucticharax Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Follicrinus Schmidt Formaliocrinus Stukalina, 1980 Formosocrinus Stukalina, 1975 Forthocrinus Wright, 1942 Fossulacrinus Stukalina, 1979 Fusicrinus Hess, 2006 Gastrocrinus Jaekel, 1895 Gaulocrinus Kirk, 1945 Gazacrinus Miller, 1892 Gemmacrinus Prokop & Petr, 1989 Glaphyocrinus Glaphyrocrinus Lindley, 1988 Globacrocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1969 Globocrinus Weller, 1921 Glyphidocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Gnorimocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1879 Gongrocrinus Burdick & Strimple, 1982 Goniocion Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Goniostathmus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Gothocrinus Bather, 1893 Granulicrinus Stukalina, 1997 Granulosocrinus Rozhnov, 1981 Granulosocrinus Stukalina, 1986 Graphosterigma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Gregariocrinus Stukalina, 1968 Griphocrinus Kirk, 1945 Gurjevskocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Hadrocrinus Lyon, 1869 Haereticotaxocrinus Franzen, 1981 Haplocrinites Steininger, 1837 Haplotetocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Harmostocrinus Strimple, 1975 Harrelicrinus Harrellicrinus Arendt & Broadhead, 1982 Hattinanteris Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Helicocrinus Chapman, 1903 Hemiindocrinus Yakovlev, 1927 Hemimollocrinus Yakovlev, 1930 Hemistreptacron Yakovlev, 1926 Hemistreptocrinus Arendt, 1976 Heracrinus Prokop, 1977 Heterobrachiocrinus Yakovlev, 1938 Heterostaurus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Heterostelechus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Hexagonocyclicus Donovan, 1989 Himerocrinus Springer, 1921 Holynocrinus Bouška, 1948 Homalocrinus Angelin, 1878 Hosieocrinus Wright, 1952 Huxleyocrinus Donovan, 1985 Hydriocrinus Trautschold, 1867 Hydroporocrinus Arendt, 1970 Hyperexochus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Hypsinomocrinus Donovan & Harper, 1993 Hypsocrinus Springer & Slocom, 1906 Hyrtanecrinus Broadhead & Strimple, 1980 Iberocrinus Sieverts-Doreck, 1951 Icthyocrinus Conrad, 1842 Idaeumocrinus le Menn, 1987 Idosocrinus Wright, 1954 Ilematerisma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Illemnocrinus Ilmocrinus Solojeva, 1984 Imitatocrinus Schmidt, 1934 Intermediacrinus Sutton & Winkler, 1940 Isocatillocrinus Wanner, 1937 Ivanovaecrinus Arendt, 1983 Ivdelicrinus Stukalina, 1977 Jahnocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Jonkerocrinus Wanner, 1924 Jrucrinus Stukalina, 1982 Junocrinus Prokop, 1977 Kabanicrinus Eltysheva & Stukalina, 1977 Kalgacrinus Stukalina, 1979 Kalpidocrinus Goldring, 1954 Kanabinocrinus Ausich, 1986 Kansacrinus Pabian & Strimple, 1985 Kaplunicrinus Stukalina, 1977 Karakolocrinus Stukalina, 1982 Kasakhstanocrinus Yeltyschewa & Sisova, 1967 Katarocrinus Kellericrinus Stukalina, 1986 Kerdreoletocrinus le Menn, 1985 Kholokholnyacrinus Mirantsev, 2021 Kitabicrinus Stukalina, 1978 Kojvicrinus Vanin, 1980 Konicrinus Sisova, 1988 Kopficrinus Goldring, 1954 Kophinocrinus Goldring, 1954 Kotanocrinus Stukalina, 1977 Kuzbassocrinus Eltuishcheva, 1957 Labiocrinus Szörenyi, 1959 Laccocrinus Wanner, 1949 Lageniocrinus de Koninck, 1854 Lamprosterigma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Lanecrinus Kammer & Ausich, 1993 Laticrinus Stukalina, 1980 Laubeocrinus Jahn, 1899 Laudonocrinus Moore & Plummer, 1940 Laurelocrinus Springer, 1926 Lebetocrinus Kirk, 1940 Lecocrinus Mclntosh, 1981 Lecythocrinus Müller, 1858 Lekocrinus Kammer & Ausich, 1994 Lemennocrinus Pidal, 1984 Lenneocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Leptocarphium Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Libratocrinus Knapp, 1969 Lichenocrinus Hall, 1866 Linobrachiocrinus Goldring, 1939 Liomolgocrinus Strimple, 1963 Lissocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Lithocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1879 Lobalocrinus Knapp, 1969 Lobocrinus Stukalina, 1982 Lobomelocrinus Frest & Strimple, 1977 Lomalegnum Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Lophocrinus Meyer, 1858 Lotocrinus Lunaricrinus Stukalina, 1980 Lunulacrinus Stukalina, 1982 Macarocrinus Jaekel, 1895 Macnamaratylus Macrocrinus Jaekel, 1895 Malaiocrinus Wanner, 1924 Maligneocrinus Laudon, Parks & Spreng, 1952 Malovicrinus Stukalina, 1968 Manicrinus Frest & Strimple, 1978 Manillocrinus Campbell & Bein, 1971 Mantikosocrinus Strimple, 1951 Maragnicrinus Whitfield, 1905 Marathonocrinus Moore & Plummer, 1940 Marettocrinus le Menn, 1981 Marhoumacrinus Prokop & Petr, 1987 Mastocrinus Wanner, 1956 Mathericrinus Webster, 1981 Medinecrinus Stukalina, 1965 Mediocrinus Stukalina, 1965 Megantocrinus Menniscocrinus Mespilocrinus de Koninck & Lehon, 1854 Metacatillocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1942 Metacrocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1969 Metaeutelecrinus Frest & Strimple, 1980 Metaffinocrinus Knapp, 1969 Metarrectocrinus Knapp, 1969 Metasycocrinus Methabocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Metichthyocrinus Springer, 1906 Miatschkovocrinus Miatshkovocrinus Arendt, 1981 Mictocrinus Goldring, 1923 Mirabilicrinus Stukalina, 1979 Miracrinus Bowsher, 1953 Mitrocrinus Miller & Gurley, 1894 Moapocrinus Mollocrinus Wanner, 1916 Mongolocrinus Rozhnov, 1992 Moniellocrinus Pidal, 1984 Monstrocrinus Schmidt, 1942 Mooreanteris Miller, 1968 Mooreocrinus Wright & Strimple, 1945 Morkokacrinus Stukalina, 1979 Moscovicrinus Jaekel, 1918 Multifidocrinus Stukalina, 1980 Muschketowicrinus Eltysheva, 1982 Mustelocrinus Sisova, 1991 Mycocrinus Schultze, 1866 Mysticocrinus Springer, 1918 Nacocrinus Webster & Olson, 1998 Nactocrinus Nanicrinus Frest & Strimple, 1980 Nanocrinus Müller, 1856 Nebrashacrinus Neocamtocrinus Neocatacrinus Knapp, 1969 Neocatillocrinus Wanner, 1937 Neodichocrinus Wanner, 1937 Neolageniocrinus Arendt, 1970 Neotaxocrinus Mirantsev, 2012 Nevadocrinus Nimiocrinus Stukalina, 1975 Ninocrinus Castellana, Manni & Nicosia, 1991 Nipterocrinus Meek & Worthen, 1868 Nirundacrinus Stukalina, 1979 Nonparactocrinus Arend, 1976 Nothrosterigma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Notiocrinus Wanner, 1924 Nummicrinus Frest & Strimple, 1978 Nunnacrinus Bowsher, 1955 Nuxocrinus Mclntosh, 1983 Nyctocrinus Springer, 1926 Ochlerocrinus Strimple, 1963 Oldojicrinus Kurilenko & Stukalina, 2002 Oligobrachyocrinus Arendt, 1981 Ophiocrinus Salter, 1856 Ophiurocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Ordinacrinus Ordinaricrinus Stukalina, 1980 Orthocrinus Jaekel, 1895 Otaricrinus Stukalina, 1980 Oxynocrinus Strimple & Watkins, 1969 Pabianocrinus Strimple & Pareyn, 1982 Pachyocrinus Billings, 1859 Pagecrinus Kirk, 1929 Paianocrinus Strimple, 1951 Palaeoholopus Wanner, 1916 Palmasterias Savi & Meneghini, 1850 Palmatocrinus Knapp, 1969 Pandocrinus Stukalina, 1965 Pandoracrinus Jaekel, 1918 Parabotryocrinus Yakovlev, 1941 Paraclidochirus Webster & Fox, 1986 Paracosmetocrinus Strimple, 1967 Paracrocrinus Arendt & Stupachenko, 1983 Paractocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Paracyclocaudex le Menn, 1985 Paracydonocrinus Arendt, 1970 Paradecacrinus Stukalina & Shishkina, 1979 Paradelocrinus Moore & Plummer, 1937 Paradoxocrinus Wanner, 1937 Paraeutelecrinus Frest & Strimple, 1980 Paragaricocrinus Yakovlev, 1934 Paragazacrinus Springer, 1926 Paragraphiocrinus Wanner, 1937 Parahexacrinus Schevchenko, 1967 Parahybocrinus Guensburg & Sprinkle, 2022 Parallelocrinus Knapp, 1969 Paramegaliocrinus Arendt, 1983 Paramelocrinus Ubaghs, 1958 Paranisocrinus Frest & Strimple, 1978 Parapernerocrinus Yakovlev, 1949 Paraplasocrinus Moore & Plummer, 1937 Parascyphocrinites Chen, Yao & Yu, 1983 Parascytalocrinus Kammer & Ausich, 1993 Parastachyocrinus Wanner, 1949 Parastephanocrinus Springer, 1926 Parasycocrinus Oyens, 1940 Paratalarocrinus Strimple & Coney, 1978 Paratimorocidaris Arendt, 1981 Parazeacrinites Burdick & Strimple, 1971 Parazophocrinus Strimple, 1963 Parerisocrinus Knapp, 1969 Parindocrinus Wanner, 1937 Pariocrinus Eckert, 1984 Pariocrinus Rozhnov, 1988 等角海百合属 Parisangulocrinus Schmidt, 1934 Parorthocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Particrinus Stukalina, 1968 Parvicrinus Stukalina, 1979 Passalocrinus Peck, 1936 Paturocrinus le Menn, 1988 Paulocrinus Springer, 1926 Pegocrinus Kirk, 1940 Pelecocrinus Kirk, 1941 Pelidocrinus Frest & Strimple, 1981 Pennatocrinus Stukalina, 1968 Pentacauliscus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Pentagonocyclicus Pentagonoellipticus Donovan, 1989 Pentagonomischus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Pentagonopterix Pentagonopternix Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Pentagonostaurus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Pentagonostipes Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Pentalobatocrinus Stukalina, 1978 Pentalobocrinus Dubatolova, 1975 Pentamerostela Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Pentapterocrinus Dubatolova, 1982 Pentaramicrinus Sutton & Winkler, 1940 Pentaridica Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Pentaxocrinus Webster & Lane, 2007 Pentececrinus König & Niewoehner, 1959 Pepitaxocrinus Prokop & Petr, 1989 Pepitaxoncrinus Peribolocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Perissocrinus Goldring, 1936 Permobrachypus Perritocrinus Jaekel Perunocrinus Prokop, 1986 Petalambicrinus Strimple, 1976 Petalerisma Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Petschoracrinus Jakovlev, 1928 Phanocrinus Kirk, 1937 Phillipsocrinus M'Coy, 1844 Philocrinus Koninck, 1863 Phrygilocrinus Ausich, 1985 Picteticrinus Etallon, 1857 Pidelocrinus Frest & Strimple, 1981 Pilidiocrinus Wanner, 1937 Pimlicocrinus Wright, 1943 Pinegicrinus Vanin, 1980 Pirasocrinus Moore & Plummer, 1940 Pithocrinus Kirk, 1945 Plagiocrinus Wanner, 1925 Planacrocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1969 Platyacrocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1969 Platycion Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Platyclonus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Platyfundocrinus Knapp, 1969 Platyhexacrinus Schmidt, 1913 Platyparallelus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Platyplateium Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Platysphaerites Trenkner, 1868 Platystela Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Plemnocrinus Kirk, 1946 Plesiocrinus Wanner, 1937 Plummerantericrinus Sizova, 1983 Plummeranteris Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Plussacrinus Eltuishcheva, 1957 Pocillocrinus Rozhnov, 1981 Pocillocrinus Simms, 1986 Poculicrinus Mostler, 1972 Podoliocrinus Eltuishcheva, 1957 Polygonocrinus Strimple, 1961 Polymorphocrinus Dubatolova, 1989 Polypeltes Angelin, 1878 Polyporocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Pontotocrinus Knapp, 1969 Porcunicrinus Eltysheva, 1971 Poteriocrinus Worthen, 1875 Pradocrinus de Verneuil, 1850 Praedicticrinus Frest & Strimple, 1980 Praeorocrinus Gluchowski, 1980 Premanicrinus Frest & Strimple, 1982 Preptopremnum Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Prininocrinus Goldring, 1938 Proampelocrinus Gupta & Webster, 1974 Proanisocrinus Frest & Strimple, 1978 Proapsidocrinus Wanner, 1924 Probletocrinus Strimple & Moore, 1971 Prochoidiocrinus Wanner, 1937 Proctothylacocrinus Kier, 1952 Prohexacrinus Yakovlev, 1946 Proindocrinus Yakovlev, 1939 Prokopicrinus Frest & Strimple, 1977 Prolecythiocrinus Arendt, 1970 Prolobocrinus Wanner, 1937 Protacrocrinus Moore & Strimple, 1969 Pseudobystrowicrinus Donovan, Deckers & Jagt, 2021 Psilocrinus Knapp, 1969 Pskovicrinus Psovicrinus Rozhnov & Arendt, 1984 Pterinocrinus Goldring, 1923 Pterotocrinus Lyon & Casseday, 1860 Pulaskicrinus Chesnut & Ettensohn, 1988 Pulchellicrinus Stukalina, 1982 Pumilindocrinus Arendt, 1981 Pycnosaccus Angelin, 1878 Pygmaeocrinus Bouška, 1947 Pyrenocrinus Mclntosh, 1983 Pyxidocrinus Muller, 1855 Pyxidocrinus Zeiler & Wirtgen, 1855 Quadratocirculus Donovan, 1989 Quiniocrinus Schmidt, 1942 Quinquecaudex Brower & Veinus, 1982 Ramacrinus Prokop, 1969 Ramosocrinus Stukalina, 1979 Ramulicrinus Stukalina, 1968 Ramulocrinus Laudon, Parks & Spreng, 1952 Raricrinus Polozhikhina, 1980 Rasfacrinus Regnellicrinus Rozhnov, 1981 Resetocrinus Prokop & Petr, 1991 Retusocrinus Knapp, 1969 Rhachkicrinus Ausich, 1986 Rhadinocrinus Jaekel, 1895 Rhaphaocrinus Rhenocrinus Jaekel, 1906 Rhopalocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1880 Rhopocrinus Kirk, 1942b Rhysocamax Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Ricebocrinus le Menn, 1988 Rimosidocrinus Rimosindocrinus Arendt, 1981 Roemerocrinus Wanner, 1916 Rookuelacrinus Stukalina, 1979 Rosfacrinus Le Menn & Spjeldnaes, 1996 Rosulicrinus Stukalina, 1980 Rugulosocrinus Stukalina, 1979 Rumphiocrinus Wanner, 1924 Saccosompsis 网海百合属 Sagenocrinites Austin, 1843 Salairocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Sardinocrinus Pabian & Strimple, 1985 Sarocrinus Kirk, 1942 Sartanicrinus Stukalina, 1986 Scalaricrinus Stukalina, 1982 Scammatocrinus Burdick & Strimple, 1982 Scelidiopternix Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Schedexocrinus Strimple, 1961 Schistocrinus Moore & Plummer, 1940 Schultzicrinus Springer, 1911 Scoliocrinus Jaekel, 1895 Scotiacrinus Wright, 1945 Scotocrinus Kozur & Mostler, 1992 Selenjachicrinus Stukalina, 1982 Sellardsicrinus Moore & Plummer, 1940 Sellicrinus Stukalina, 1980 Separacrinus Knapp, 1969 Separocrinus Shaldichocrinus Rozhnov, 1997 Shimantocrinus Jell, Jell, Johnson, Mawson & Talent, 1988 Sibiricrinus Stukalina, 1980 Sidericrinus Stukalina, 1968 Siderocrinites Wood, 1909 Siderocrinus Wood, 1909 Sigambrocrinus Schmidt, 1942 Sigillatocrinus Stukalina, 1980 Simocrinus Knapp, 1969 Simplocrinus Hynda, 1984 Skaiocrinus Webster, 1990 Sostronocrinus Strimple & McGinnis, 1969 Sphaerocrinus Roemer, 1851 Sphaerotocrinus Goldring, 1923 Springericrinus Jaekel, 1918 Spriocrinus Squameocrinus Stukalina, 1968 Stachyocrinus Wanner, 1916 Stamnocrinus Breimer, 1962 Staphylocrinus Burdick & Strimple, 1969 Stegocrinus Sieverts-Doreck, 1962 Stellaricrinus Stukalina, 1982 Stereobrachicrinus Mather, 1916 Stiberostaurus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Stinocrinus Kirk, 1941 Storthingocrinus Schultze, 1867 Streblocrinus König & Meyer, 1965 Streptocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1886 Strotocrinus Meek & Worthen, 1866 Struszocrinus Jell, Johnson, Mawson & Talent, 1988 Stukalinaecrinus le Menn, 1985 Stylocrinus Sandberger, 1856 Sublobalocrinus Knapp, 1969 Svedasocrinus Hynda & Saladzhius, 1988 Sycocrinites Austin, 1843 Synaptocrinus Springer, 1920 Syndiasmocrinus Guensburg & Sprinkle, 2022 Synerocrinus Jaekel, 1897 Tagenocrinus Mclntosh, 1981 Taidocrinus Tajmirocrinus Stukalina, 1982 Tantalocrinus Stukalina, 1975 Tarachiocrinus Strimple, 1962 Tarassocrinus Webster & Hafley, 1999 Tasmanocrinus Willink, 1979 Tastjicrinus Stukalina, 1975 Tatjanicrinus Stukalina, 1980 Taurocrinus Klikushin, 1984 Tchucrinus Sisova, 1991 Tebagacrinus Termier & Termier, 1958 Teleiocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer, 1881 Telikosocrinus Strimple, 1951 Teltaroporocrinus Dubatolova, 1982 Temnocrinus Springer, 1902 Tenagocrinus Wanner, 1929 Terpnocrinus Strimple & Moore, 1971 Terracrinus Eltysheva & Stukalina, 1977 Tessarocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Tetrabrachiocrinus Yakovlev, 1934 Tetractocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Tetragonocyclicus Donovan, 1989 Tetralobocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Tetramerocrinites Austin, 1843 Tetraocetocrinus Dubatolova, 1987 Tetrapleurocrinus Wanner, 1942 Tetraptocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Tetrastaurus Dubatolova, 1971 Tetraxonocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Thallocrinus Jaekel, 1895 Thaminocrinus Strimple & Watkins, 1969 Thamnocrinus Goldring, 1923 Theloreus Moore, 1962 Thenarocrinus Bather, 1890 Thenarocrinus callypygus Bather, 1890 Thenarocrinus gracilis[3] Tholiacrinus Strimple, 1962 Tholocrinus Kirk, 1939 Thuringocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Thyridocrinus Kirk, 1944 Tiaracrinus Schultze, 1866 Timorechinus Wanner, 1910 Tolenicrinus Stukalina, 1975 Tomeocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Torrocrinus Prokop & Petr, 1991 Torynocrinus Szörényi, 1959 Trapezocrinus Haude, 2007 Traskocrinus Kolata, 1975 Trecrinus Semenov, Terentyev, Mirantsev & Rozhnov, 2021 Treocrinus Prokop & Petr, 1991 Triacrinus Münster, 1839 Trichotocrinus Olsson, 1913 Trilobocrinus Dubatolova, 1971 Trimerocrinus Wanner, 1916 Trochocrinites Portlock, 1843 Trophocrinus Kirk, 1930 Trybliocrinus Geinitz, 1867 Tundracrinus Jakovlev, 1928 Tyrieocrinus Wright, 1945 Tytthocrinus Weller, 1930 Ulrichicrinus Springer, 1926 Unilineatocrinus Dubatolova & Eltysheva, 1969 Ureocrinus Wright & Strimple, 1945 Urushicrinus Stukalina & Shishkina, 1979 Uzenicrinus Stukalina, 1982 Vallaticrinus Stukalina, 1980 Vasculicrinus Donofrio & Mostler, 1975 Vialovicystis Hynda, 1984 Vietnamicrinus Dang Chan Huyen, 1983 Wanakastaurus Moore & Jeffords, 1968 Wannerocrinus Oyens, 1940 Webericrinus Stukalina, 1979 Westheadocrinus Donovan, 1989 Wetherbyocrinus Chesnut & Ettensohn, 1988 Wewokacrinus Knapp, 1969 Whiteocrinus Jaekel, 1918 Woodocrinus de Koninck & Lehon, 1854 Worthenocrinus Kammer & Ausich, 1994 Xenocatillocrinus Wanner, 1937 Xisoallogecrinus Yakovlevicrinus Arendt, 1981 Yeltyschewaecrinus Stukalina, 1979 Zangucrinus Webster, Maples, Mawson & Dastanpour, 2003 Zeacrinites Burdick & Strimple, 1971 Zenkericrinus Waagen & Jahn, 1899 Zeravschanocrinus Schewtschenko, 1966 Zeusocrinus Strimple, 1961 Zostocrinus Kirk, 1948 Zygotocrinus Kirk, 1943

参考文献

1. Zamora, Samuel; Rahman, Imran A.; Ausich, William I. Palaeogeographic implications of a new iocrinid crinoid (Disparida) from the Ordovician (Darriwillian) of Morocco. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2015, 3: e1450. PMC 4675106 . PMID 26664800. doi:10.7717/peerj.1450.
2. F.A. Bather M.A. F.G.S. (1892) XXX.—British fossil crinoids.—VI. Botryocrinus quinquelobus, sp. nov., Wenlock Limestone; and note on Botryocrinus pinnulatus, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9:51, 189-194, DOI: 10.1080/00222939208677305
3. F.A. Bather M.A. F.G.S. (1891) III.—British fossil crinoids.—IV. Thenarocrinus gracilis, sp. nov., Wenlock Limestone, and note on T. callipygus, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7:37, 35-40, DOI: 10.1080/00222939109460575