腫瘤壞死因子

腫瘤壞死因子（TNF）舊稱腫瘤壞死因子-α（TNF-α）^[1]以區別腫瘤壞死因子-β，屬腫瘤壞死因子超家族一員，是一種涉及到系統性發炎的細胞因子，同時也是屬於引起急相反應（英語：Acute-phase protein）的眾多細胞因子中的一員。主要由巨噬細胞分泌，不過有一些其它類型的細胞也能生產。

腫瘤壞死因子
PDB rendering based on 1TNF.
有效結構 PDB 直系同源檢索：PDBe, RCSB PDB查詢代碼列表 1A8M​, 1TNF​, 2AZ5​, 2E7A​, 2TUN​, 2ZJC​, 2ZPX​, 3ALQ​, 3IT8​, 3L9J​, 4TSV​, 5TSW​
標識
代號	TNF; DIF; TNF-alpha; TNFA; TNFSF2
擴展標識	遺傳學：191160 鼠基因：104798 同源基因：496 ChEMBL: 1825 GeneCards: TNF Gene
基因本體論描述 分子功能 · protease binding · cytokine activity · tumor necrosis factor receptor binding · protein binding · identical protein binding · transcription regulatory region DNA binding 細胞成分 · phagocytic cup · extracellular space · plasma membrane · integral to plasma membrane · external side of plasma membrane · cell surface · membrane raft · recycling endosome 生物過程 · protein import into nucleus, translocation · negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter · MAPK cascade · activation of MAPKKK activity · activation of MAPK activity · response to hypoxia · cell activation · positive regulation of cytokine production · positive regulation of protein phosphorylation · negative regulation of L-glutamate transport · chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus · negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response · positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus · positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin · skeletal muscle contraction · glucose metabolic process · apoptotic process · anti-apoptosis · induction of apoptosis · activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process · transformed cell apoptotic process · inflammatory response · humoral immune response · JNK cascade · negative regulation of cell proliferation · induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals · induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals · induction of apoptosis via death domain receptors · response to mechanical stimulus · response to virus · response to salt stress · organ morphogenesis · negative regulation of gene expression · negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity · negative regulation of lipid storage · positive regulation of necrotic cell death · response to activity · calcium-mediated signaling · extracellular matrix organization · sequestering of triglyceride · positive regulation of protein complex assembly · positive regulation of fever generation · lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway · negative regulation of interleukin-6 production · positive regulation of chemokine production · positive regulation of interferon-gamma production · positive regulation of interleukin-6 production · receptor biosynthetic process · positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation · tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway · positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion · positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus · response to drug · positive regulation of apoptotic process · positive regulation of apoptotic process · negative regulation of apoptotic process · positive regulation of programmed cell death · regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade · positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade · positive regulation of protein complex disassembly · positive regulation of MAP kinase activity · protein kinase B signaling cascade · positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process · negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host · negative regulation of viral genome replication · positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process · positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process · positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process · negative regulation of fat cell differentiation · negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation · positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation · positive regulation of mitosis · negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent · positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent · positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter · positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter · positive regulation of translational initiation by iron · negative regulation of glucose import · positive regulation of JNK cascade · embryonic digestive tract development · positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation · positive regulation of cytokine secretion · regulation of insulin secretion · positive regulation of synaptic transmission · defense response to Gram-positive bacterium · leukocyte tethering or rolling · negative regulation of lipid catabolic process · regulation of immunoglobulin secretion · positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis · positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity · positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity · positive regulation of protein transport · response to glucocorticoid stimulus · positive regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus · positive regulation of hair follicle development · positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade · induction of necroptosis by extracellular signals · positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process · positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity · epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis · regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis · negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis · necrotic cell death · positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade · cellular response to amino acid stimulus · cellular response to nicotine · cellular response to organic cyclic compound · positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration · positive regulation of podosome assembly · extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway · positive regulation of protein localization at cell surface · positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA表現模式
更多表現資料
直系同源體
物種	人類	小鼠
Entrez	7124	21926
Ensembl	ENSG00000204490	ENSMUSG00000024401
UniProt	P01375	P06804
mRNA序列	NM_000594.3	NM_013693.2
蛋白序列	NP_000585.2	NP_038721.1
基因位置	Chr 6: 31.54 – 31.55 Mb	Chr 17: 35.2 – 35.2 Mb
PubMed查詢	[1]	[2]
閱 論 編

功能

總括而言，腫瘤壞死因子能抑制不同種流感病毒的複製，擁有強大的抗病毒效果^[2]。腫瘤壞死因子的主要作用是調節免疫細胞的功能。作為一種內源性致熱原，它能夠促使發燒，引起細胞凋亡，（通過誘使產生IL1和IL6（英語：Interleukin 6））引發敗血症，引起惡病體質，引發發炎，阻止腫瘤發生和病毒複製（英語：Viral replication）。

腫瘤壞死因子生產的失調被認為與許多人類疾病有關，包括阿茲海默症^[3]、癌症^[4]、重性抑鬱障礙^[5]和腸炎。^[6]雖然仍有爭議，不過當前的研究認為腫瘤壞死因子α的水平與抑鬱和腸炎有關。^[7]基因工程生產的腫瘤壞死因子被用作免疫興奮劑（英語：Immunostimulant）（國際非專利藥品名稱為他索納明）。腫瘤的惡變過程中，腫瘤壞死因子α常異位表現，而其過量表現同副甲狀腺素一道與引發繼發性高鈣血症和癌症有關。

發炎過程中釋放的TNF與H2O2誘導的BCa轉化有關，伴血吸蟲感染的BCa患者血清中TNF水平顯著升高。另外，T3及T4期患者TNF水平高於T1及T2早期患者，提示TNF水平可能有助於BCa的進展^[8]。由於TNF有助於BCa的形成和發展，故而可以作為評估BCa侵襲性和惡性程度的指標^[9]。