User:Mr. Ibrahem/Opioid use disorder
Medical condition / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a pattern of opioid use that causes significant impairment or distress.[3] Symptoms of the disorder include a strong desire to use opioids, increased tolerance to opioids, difficulty fulfilling obligations, trouble reducing use, and withdrawal syndrome with discontinuation.[4][5] Opioid withdrawal symptoms may include nausea, muscle aches, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, agitation, and a low mood.[5] Addiction and dependence are components of a substance use disorder.[13] Complications may include opioid overdose, suicide, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, marriage problems, or unemployment.[4][5]
Opioid use disorder | |
---|---|
Other names | Opioid addiction,[1] problematic opioid use,[1] opioid abuse,[2] opioid dependence[3] |
Molecular structure of morphine | |
Specialty | Psychiatry |
Symptoms | Strong desire to use opioids, increased tolerance to opioids, failure to meet obligations, trouble with reducing use, withdrawal syndrome with discontinuation[4][5] |
Complications | Opioid overdose, hepatitis C, marriage problems, unemployment[4][5] |
Duration | Long term[6] |
Causes | Opioids[3] |
Diagnostic method | Based on criteria in the DSM-5[4] |
Differential diagnosis | Alcoholism |
Treatment | Opioid replacement therapy, behavioral therapy, twelve-step programs, take home naloxone[7][8][9] |
Medication | Buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone[7][10] |
Frequency | 27 million (c. 0.4%)[11][4] |
Deaths | 122,000 (2015)[12] |
Opioids include substances such as heroin, morphine, fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone.[5][6] In the United States, a majority of heroin users begin by using prescription opioids, which may also be bought illegally.[14][15] Risk factors for misuse include a history of substance use, substance use among family and friends, mental illness, low socioeconomic status, and race.[16][17] Diagnosis may be based on criteria by the American Psychiatric Association in the DSM-5.[4] If more than two of eleven criteria are present during a year, the diagnosis is said to be present.[4] If a person is appropriately taking opioids for a medical condition, issues of tolerance and withdrawal do not apply.[4]
Individuals with an opioid use disorder are often treated with opioid replacement therapy using methadone or buprenorphine.[7] Being on such treatment reduces the risk of death.[7] Additionally, individuals may benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy, other forms of support from mental health professionals such as individual or group therapy, twelve-step programs, and other peer support programs.[8] The medication naltrexone may also be useful to prevent relapse.[10] Naloxone is useful for treating an opioid overdose and giving those at risk naloxone to take home is beneficial.[9]
In 2013, opioid use disorders affected about 0.4% of people.[4] As of 2016, about 27 million people are affected.[11] Long term opioid use occurs in about 4% of people following their use for trauma or surgery related pain.[18] Onset is often in young adulthood.[4] Males are affected more often than females.[4] It resulted in 122,000 deaths worldwide in 2015,[12] up from 18,000 deaths in 1990.[19] In the United States during 2016, there were more than 42,000 deaths due to opioid overdose, of which more than 15,000 were the result of heroin use.[20]