The year 1938 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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- Ștefan Odobleja begins publication of his Psychologie consonantiste in Paris, seen in Romania as originating the study of cybernetics.
- January 2
- January 10 – Donald Knuth, American computer scientist and mathematician
- January 28 – Tomas Lindahl, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- March 5 – Lynn Margulis, American biologist (d. 2011)
- March 7 – David Baltimore, American biologist, university administrator and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- March 31 – Dennis H. Klatt, American pioneer of speech synthesis (d. 1988)
- April 3 – John Darley, American social psychologist
- April 25 – Roger Boisjoly, American rocket engineer (d. 2012)
- May 11 – Fritz-Albert Popp, German biophysicist
- May 16 – Ivan Sutherland, American computer scientist and Turing Award winner
- June 29 – David Barker, English epidemiologist (d. 2013)
- July 2 – C. Kumar N. Patel, Indian electrical engineer
- July 19 – Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist
- September 3 – Ryōji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel laureate
- September 17 – Alec Broers, Baron Broers, British electrical engineer
- September 26 – Alan Andrew Watson, Scottish astrophysicist
- September 30 – Alfred Cuschieri, Malta-born laparoscopic surgeon
- October 4 – Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 22 – Michael Berridge, Rhodesian-born British physiologist and biochemist (d. 2020)
- November 7 – Edgardo Gomez, Filipino biologist (d. 2019)
- December 7 – George Hockham, English electrical engineer (d. 2013)
- December 23 – Bob Kahn, American Internet pioneer
US Patent 2,130,523 Linear polyamides suitable for spinning into strong pliable fibers; US Patent 2,130,947 Diamine dicarboxylic acid salt and US Patent 2,130,948 Synthetic fibers. Trossarelli, L. (2010). "The history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
Asperger, H. (1938). "The psychically abnormal child". Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift (in German). 51: 1314–7.
Reynolds, L. A. (2006). Early Development of Total Hip Replacement. Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London. ISBN 978-085484-111-0.